{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T21:02:25Z","timestamp":1785272545451,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41401459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41401459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council under GRF","award":["14606715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14606715"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual Geographic Environment Cognition is the attempt to understand the human cognition of surface features, geographic processes, and human behaviour, as well as their relationships in the real world. From the perspective of human cognition behaviour analysis and simulation, previous work in Virtual Geographic Environments (VGEs) has focused mostly on representing and simulating the real world to create an \u2018interpretive\u2019 virtual world and improve an individual\u2019s active cognition. In terms of reactive cognition, building a user \u2018evaluative\u2019 environment in a complex virtual experiment is a necessary yet challenging task. This paper discusses the outlook of VGEs and proposes a framework for virtual cognitive experiments. The framework not only employs immersive virtual environment technology to create a realistic virtual world but also involves a responsive mechanism to record the user\u2019s cognitive activities during the experiment. Based on the framework, this paper presents two potential implementation methods: first, training a deep learning model with several hundred thousand street view images scored by online volunteers, with further analysis of which visual factors produce a sense of safety for the individual, and second, creating an immersive virtual environment and Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based experimental paradigm to both record and analyse the brain activity of a user and explore what type of virtual environment is more suitable and comfortable. Finally, we present some preliminary findings based on the first method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7010036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T13:40:39Z","timestamp":1516628439000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Framework for Virtual Cognitive Experiment in Virtual Geographic Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7931-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weitao","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography and Resource Management, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laborarory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Reasearch Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"The four traditions of geography","volume":"63","author":"Pattison","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. 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