{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T08:48:45Z","timestamp":1780390125939,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]],"date-time":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper addresses the problems arising from the use of data acquired with two different remote sensing techniques\u2014high-resolution satellite imagery (HRSI) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)\u2014for the extraction of digital elevation models (DEMs) used in the geomorphological analysis and recognition of landslides, taking into account the uncertainties associated with DEM production. In order to obtain a georeferenced and edited point cloud, the two data sets require quite different processes, which are more complex for satellite images than for TLS data. The differences between the two processes are highlighted. The point clouds are interpolated on a DEM with a 1 m grid size using kriging. Starting from these DEMs, a number of contour, slope, and aspect maps are extracted, together with their associated uncertainty maps. Comparative analysis of selected landslide features drawn from the two data sources allows recognition and classification of hierarchical and multiscale landslide components. Taking into account the uncertainty related to the map enables areas to be located for which one data source was able to give more reliable results than another. Our case study is located in Southern Italy, in an area known for active landslides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7040160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T04:44:48Z","timestamp":1524545088000},"page":"160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Use of DEMs Derived from TLS and HRSI Data for Landslide Feature Recognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3917-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Barbarella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DICAM-ARCES, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4552-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Di Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Roma TRE, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6290-5556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Fiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DICAM, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.03.022","article-title":"Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land use planning","volume":"102","author":"Fell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.03.010","article-title":"Spatial data for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and vulnerability assessment: An overview","volume":"102","author":"Castellanos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"209","article-title":"Recommendations for the quantitative analysis of landslide risk","volume":"73","author":"Corominas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Rossi, M., Mondini, A.C., Marchesini, I., Santangelo, M., Bucci, F., and Guzzetti, F. (2013, January 27\u201331). Landslide morphometric signature. Proceedings of the 8th IAG\/AIG International Conference on Geomorphology Geomorphology and Sustainability, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.02.001","article-title":"Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem","volume":"112","author":"Guzzetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53446-0.00003-3","article-title":"Chapter three\u2013nature and aims of geomorphological mapping","volume":"Volume 15","author":"Mike","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developments in Earth Surface Processes"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2014.983553","article-title":"Evaluation of the dynamic processes of a landslide with laser scanners and bayesian methods","volume":"6","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2007.06.003","article-title":"Elementary forms for land surface segmentation: The theoretical basis of terrain analysis and geomorphological mapping","volume":"95","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"225","article-title":"Chapter eight\u2013digital mapping: Visualisation, interpretation and quantification of landforms","volume":"Volume 15","author":"Mike","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developments in Earth Surface Processes"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Bishop, M., and Shroder, J. (2004). A science of topography: From qualitative ontology to digital representations. Geographic Information Science and Mountain Geomorphology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53446-0.00007-0","article-title":"Chapter seven\u2013data sources","volume":"Volume 15","author":"Mike","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developments in Earth Surface Processes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.10.022","article-title":"Comparative analysis of surface roughness algorithms for the identification of active landslides","volume":"182","author":"Berti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradhan, B. (2017). Effects of the spatial resolution of digital elevation models and their products on landslide susceptibility mapping. Laser Scanning Applications in Landslide Assessment, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55342-9_7"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bajracharya, B., and Bajracharya, S.R. (2008, January 14\u201325). Landslide Mapping of the Everest Region Using High Resolution Satellite Images and 3d Visualization. Proceedings of the Mountain GIS e-Conference, Kathmandu, Nepal."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"273","article-title":"Validation of spot 5 satellite imagery for geological hazard identification and risk assessment for landslides, mud and debris flows in matagalpa, nicaragua","volume":"35","author":"Haeberlin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2005.10.001","article-title":"Application of high-resolution stereo satellite images to detailed landslide hazard assessment","volume":"76","author":"Nichol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.6.687","article-title":"High spatial resolution satellite imagery, dem derivatives, and image segmentation for the detection of mass wasting processes","volume":"72","author":"Barlow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(03)00471-X","article-title":"Locating landslides using multi-temporal satellite images","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.004","article-title":"Remote sensing of landslides: An analysis of the potential contribution to geospatial systems for hazard assessment in mountain environments","volume":"98","author":"Metternicht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2516900","article-title":"Comparison of pleiades and lidar digital elevation models for terraces detection in farmlands","volume":"9","author":"Sofia","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2006.11.002","article-title":"3D laser scanning and gps technology for landslide earthwork volume estimation","volume":"16","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9634-2","article-title":"Use of lidar in landslide investigations: A review","volume":"61","author":"Jaboyedoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradhan, B., and Sameen, M.I. (2017). Laser scanning systems in landslide studies. Laser Scanning Applications in Landslide Assessment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55342-9"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2017.04.007","article-title":"Review of earth science research using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"169","author":"Telling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160601024234","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanner to detect landslide displacement fields: A new approach","volume":"28","author":"Teza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(03)00149-1","article-title":"Remote sensing and geomorphometry for studying relief production in high mountains","volume":"55","author":"Bishop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, M.P., Shroder, J.F., Hickman, B.L., and Copland, L. (1998). Scale-Dependent Analysis of Satellite Imagery for Characterization of Glacier Surfaces in the Karakoram Himalaya, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(97)00061-5"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2004.10.006","article-title":"Evaluation of current statistical approaches for predictive geomorphological mapping","volume":"67","author":"Miska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peckham, R.J., and Jordan, G. (2007). Optimisation of interpolation parameters using cross-validation. Digital Terrain Modelling: Development and Applications in a Policy Support Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-36731-4"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1590\/S1982-21702014000200027","article-title":"Digital elevation model validation with no ground control: Application to the topodata dem in brazil","volume":"20","author":"Polidori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bol. Ci\u00eanc. Geod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2010.12.002","article-title":"Cross-validation as a means of investigating dem interpolation error","volume":"37","author":"Wise","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/02693798908941518","article-title":"Propagation of errors in spatial modelling with gis","volume":"3","author":"Heuvelink","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2005.02.014","article-title":"Error propagation of dem-based surface derivatives","volume":"31","author":"Oksanen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.12.028","article-title":"Ecological classification of land and conservation of biodiversity at the national level: The case of italy","volume":"147","author":"Capotorti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margottini, C., Canuti, P., and Sassa, K. (2013). A preliminary perspective on landslide dams of campania region, italy. Landslide Science and Practice: Volume 6: Risk Assessment, Management and Mitigation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31319-6"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.10.004","article-title":"Characterising spectral, spatial and morphometric properties of landslides for semi-automatic detection using object-oriented methods","volume":"116","author":"Martha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Classification and mapping of the ecoregions of italy","volume":"148","author":"Blasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst.-Int. J. Deal. All Asp. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2013.07.015","article-title":"Kinematics and geological constraints of the slow-moving pisciotta rock slide (southern Italy)","volume":"201","author":"Santoro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2013.863808","article-title":"Landslide monitoring using multitemporal terrestrial laser scanning for ground displacement analysis","volume":"6","author":"Barbarella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaioni, M. (2015). Multi-temporal terrestrial laser scanning survey of a landslide. Modern Technologies for Landslide Monitoring and Prediction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45931-7"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbarella, M., Fiani, M., and Lugli, A. (2017). Uncertainty in terrestrial laser scanner surveys of landslides. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020113"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.06.008","article-title":"Accuracy constraints of terrestrial lidar data for soil erosion measurement: Application to a mediterranean field plot","volume":"245","author":"Eltner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"InnovMetric Software Inc. (2014). PolyWorks\u00ae 2014 User Manual, InnovMetric Software Inc."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"GitHub Inc. (2018, April 19). CloudCompare 2.8.1 User Manual; Open Source Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.cloudcompare.org\/doc\/qCC\/CloudCompare%20v2.6.1%20-%20User%20manual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"BAE Systems Inc. (2016). Socet GXP\u00ae 4.2.0 User Manual, BAE Systems Inc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Qi, J., Wan, P., Wang, H., Xie, D., Wang, X., and Yan, G. (2016). An easy-to-use airborne lidar data filtering method based on cloth simulation. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060501"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Robert McNeel & Associates (2018, April 19). Rhinoceros\u00ae 5 User\u2019s Guide. Available online: http:\/\/docs.mcneel.com\/rhino\/5\/usersguide\/en-us\/windows_pdf_user_s_guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Barnes, R. (2017, December 18). Variogram Tutorial. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.it\/#q=Barnes%2C+R.++Variogram+Tutorial."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Golden Software (2014). Surfer 12\u00ae User Manual, Golden Software."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/136588198242003","article-title":"Accuracy of local topographic variables derived from digital elevation models","volume":"12","author":"Florinsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1997.tb00944.x","article-title":"Modeling the uncertainty of slope and aspect estimates derived from spatial databases","volume":"29","author":"Hunter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Mikhail, E.M., and Ackermann, F.E. (1976). Observations and Least Squares, IEP."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-7952(89)90031-8","article-title":"Structures associated with strike-slip faults that bound landslide elements","volume":"27","author":"Fleming","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-3-569-2003","article-title":"Observation of surface features on an active landslide, and implications for understanding its history of movement","volume":"3","author":"Parise","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Sys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Cesare, R. (2006). Analisi morfoevolutiva sulla riattivazione di sistemi franosi a cinematismo intermittente in appennino campano-lucano (italia meridionale). II Congresso dell\u2019Associazione Italiana di Geologia Applicata, Domenico GUIDA."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"GoldenSoftware (2017, December 18). A Basic Understanding of Surfer Gridding Methods\u2013Part 1. Available online: https:\/\/support.goldensoftware.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/231348728-A-Basic-Understanding-of-Surfer-Gridding-Methods-Part-1."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/4\/160\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:01:42Z","timestamp":1760194902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/4\/160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi7040160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi7040160","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]]}}}