{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T05:02:25Z","timestamp":1769317345011,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Because mobile virtual reality (VR) is both mobile and immersive, three-dimensional (3D) visualizations of disaster scenes based in mobile VR enable users to perceive and recognize disaster environments faster and better than is possible with other methods. To achieve immersion and prevent users from feeling dizzy, such visualizations require a high scene-rendering frame rate. However, the existing related visualization work cannot provide a sufficient solution for this purpose. This study focuses on the construction and optimization of a 3D disaster scene in order to satisfy the high frame-rate requirements for the rendering of 3D disaster scenes in mobile VR. First, the design of a plugin-free browser\/server (B\/S) architecture for 3D disaster scene construction and visualization based in mobile VR is presented. Second, certain key technologies for scene optimization are discussed, including diverse modes of scene data representation, representation optimization of mobile scenes, and adaptive scheduling of mobile scenes. By means of these technologies, smartphones with various performance levels can achieve higher scene-rendering frame rates and improved visual quality. Finally, using a flood disaster as an example, a plugin-free prototype system was developed, and experiments were conducted. The experimental results demonstrate that a 3D disaster scene constructed via the methods addressed in this study has a sufficiently high scene-rendering frame rate to satisfy the requirements for rendering a 3D disaster scene in mobile VR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7060215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T11:06:06Z","timestamp":1528974366000},"page":"215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Construction and Optimization of Three-Dimensional Disaster Scenes within Mobile Virtual Reality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ya","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weilian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Engineering, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Geomatics Center, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Urban Planning &amp; Design Survey Research Institute, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Urban Planning &amp; Design Survey Research Institute, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-017-9148-2","article-title":"The June 2017 Maoxian landslide: Geological disaster in an earthquake area after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake","volume":"60","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.14618","article-title":"Mitigating the Mental and Physical Health Consequences of Hurricane Harvey","volume":"318","author":"Shultz","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, Y., and Mori, M. (2011, January 24\u201329). Web-based Flood Monitoring System Using Google Earth and 3D GIS. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049496"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2010.05.008","article-title":"Development of a 3D virtual environment for improving public participation: Case study\u2014The Yuansantze Flood Diversion Works Project","volume":"25","author":"Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.786081","article-title":"Spatiotemporal simulation and risk analysis of dam-break flooding based on cellular automata","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"48","article-title":"Communicating flood risk through three-dimensional visualization","volume":"167","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.977292","article-title":"Real-time flood simulations using CA model driven by dynamic observation data","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2340399","article-title":"Dam-break flood routing simulation and scale effect analysis based on virtual geographic environment","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/14498596.2015.1051148","article-title":"A collaborative virtual geographic environment for emergency dam-break simulation and risk analysis","volume":"61","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Spat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2015.1047411","article-title":"GIS-based approach for flood analysis: Case study of Kecidere flash flood event (Turkey)","volume":"31","author":"Curebal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2017.567","article-title":"Virtual reality in urban water management: Communicating urban flooding with particle-based CFD simulations","volume":"77","author":"Winkler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2014.01.010","article-title":"A coarse-grained parallel approach for seismic damage simulations of urban areas based on refined models and GPU\/CPU cooperative computing","volume":"70","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11589-015-0124-1","article-title":"Application of 3D WebGIS and real-time technique in earthquake information publishing and visualization","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earthq. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.03.023","article-title":"Building seismic response and visualization using 3D urban polygonal modeling","volume":"55","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2016.05.014","article-title":"A computational framework for regional seismic simulation of buildings with multiple fidelity models","volume":"99","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-017-0141-x","article-title":"3D City Models as a Visual Support Tool for the Analysis of Buildings Seismic Vulnerability: The Case of Lisbon","volume":"8","author":"Redweik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-013-2486-y","article-title":"GIS-based Numerical Modelling of Debris Flow Motion across Three-dimensional Terrain","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3183-z","article-title":"Glass landslide: The 3D visualization makes study of landslide transparent and virtualized","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-5161-5","article-title":"Application of virtual earth in 3D terrain modeling to visual analysis of large-scale geological disasters in mountainous areas","volume":"75","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.20091","article-title":"A virtualized laboratory for earthquake engineering education","volume":"15","author":"Kuester","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-008-0317-9","article-title":"Interactive visualization to advance earthquake simulation","volume":"165","author":"Kellogg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01868.x","article-title":"Living behind dikes: Mimicking flooding experiences","volume":"33","author":"Zaalberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.2015EDP7165","article-title":"A novel earthquake education system based on virtual reality","volume":"E98D","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/03098265.2015.1066314","article-title":"Immersive 3D geovisualization in higher education","volume":"39","author":"Philips","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geogr. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2656958","article-title":"Earthquake safety training through virtual drills","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2017.1334897","article-title":"Optimization of simulation and visualization analysis of dam-failure flood disaster for diverse computing systems","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8728","article-title":"Global trends in satellite-based emergency mapping","volume":"353","author":"Voigt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"24","article-title":"China\u2019s comprehensive disaster reduction","volume":"1","author":"Zou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-008-1496-5","article-title":"Emergency responses to water disasters in coalmines, China","volume":"58","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, K., and Kim, J. (2016). Event-Centered Maze Generation Method for Mobile Virtual Reality Applications. Symmetry, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym8110120"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell, W., Powell, V., Brown, P., Cook, M., and Uddin, J. (2016, January 20). Getting Around in Google Cardboard\u2014Exploring Navigation Preferences with Low-Cost mobile VR. Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Everyday Virtual Reality, Greenville, SC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WEVR.2016.7859536"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., and Kim, J. (2017). A Study on Immersion of Hand Interaction for Mobile Platform Virtual Reality Contents. Symmetry, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9020022"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2007.11.009","article-title":"A geoscience perspective on immersive 3D gridded data visualization","volume":"34","author":"Millen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-017-0081-0","article-title":"From urban planning and emergency training to Pok\u00e9mon Go: Applications of virtual reality GIS (VRGIS) and augmented reality GIS (ARGIS) in personal, public and environmental health","volume":"16","author":"Boulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2010.08.007","article-title":"Navigating large terrains using commodity mobile devices","volume":"37","author":"Noguera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.05.010","article-title":"A mobile 3D-GIS hybrid recommender system for tourism","volume":"215","author":"Noguera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-012-0598-y","article-title":"A scalable architecture for 3D map navigation on mobile devices","volume":"17","author":"Noguera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-012-0150-3","article-title":"I-MOVE: Towards the use of a mobile 3D GeoBrowser framework for urban mobility decision making","volume":"6","author":"Magliocchetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pouliot, J., Daniel, S., Hubert, F., and Zamyadi, A. (2013). Glob3 Mobile: An Open Source Framework for Designing Virtual Globes on iOS and Android Mobile Devices. Progress and New Trends in 3D Geoinformation Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29793-9"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.02.004","article-title":"An efficient terrain Level of Detail implementation for mobile devices and performance study","volume":"52","author":"Trujillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gartner, G., and Huang, H.S. (2017). Multimodal Location Based Services\u2014Semantic 3D City Data as Virtual and Augmented Reality. Progress in Location-Base d Services 2016, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47289-8"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2018, March 29). Glob3 Mobile. Available online: http:\/\/glob3.sourceforge.net\/mobile.html."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9090189","article-title":"A study on interaction of gaze pointer-based user interface in mobile virtual reality environment","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ringe, S., Kedia, R., Poddar, A., and Patel, S. (2015, January 1\u20132). HTML5 Based Virtual Whiteboard for Real Time Interaction. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Control, Mumbai, India.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.04.241"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4418-3","article-title":"Visual analysis and simulation of dam-break flood spatiotemporal process in a network environment","volume":"74","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2017.1306863","article-title":"PolarGlobe: A web-wide virtual globe system for visualizing multidimensional, time-varying, big climate data","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"16","article-title":"Web-based large-scale 3D-geovisualisation using WebGL: The OpenWebGlobe project","volume":"1","author":"Christen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sample, J.T., and Loup, E. (2010). Tile-Based Geospatial Information Systems: Principles and Practices, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7631-4"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2018, March 31). Cesium. Available online: https:\/\/cesiumjs.org\/."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/6\/215\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:08:43Z","timestamp":1760195323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/6\/215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi7060215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi7060215","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]}}}