{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T17:17:20Z","timestamp":1774113440187,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2016YFC0803101","award":["National Key Research and Development Program of China"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Key Research and Development Program of China"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land use\/land cover change (LUCC) analysis is a fundamental issue in regional and global geography that can accurately reflect the diversity of landscapes and detect the differences or changes on the earth\u2019s surface. However, a very heavy computational load is often unavoidable, especially when processing multi-temporal land cover data with fine spatial resolution using more complicated procedures, which often takes a long time when performing the LUCC analysis over large areas. This paper employs a graph-based spatial decomposition that represents the computational loads as graph vertices and edges and then uses a balanced graph partitioning to decompose the LUCC analysis on spatial big data. For the decomposing tasks, a stream scheduling method is developed to exploit the parallelism in data moving, clipping, overlay analysis, area calculation and transition matrix building. Finally, a change analysis is performed on the land cover data from 2015 to 2016 in China, with each piece of temporal data containing approximately 260 million complex polygons. It took less than 6 h in a cluster with 15 workstations, which was an indispensable task that may surpass two weeks without any optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7070273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T10:50:09Z","timestamp":1531306209000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Using High-Performance Computing to Address the Challenge of Land Use\/Land Cover Change Analysis on Spatial Big Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Government Geographic Information System, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Government Geographic Information System, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"},{"name":"Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Government Geographic Information System, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shenghua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Government Geographic Information System, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008177712995","article-title":"Land-use and land-cover dynamics in response to changes in climatic, biological and socio-political forces: The case of Southwestern Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Reid","year":"2000","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-3780(01)00007-3","article-title":"The causes of land-use and land-cover change: Moving beyond the myths","volume":"11","author":"Lambin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-005-0245-3","article-title":"Driving forces of landscape change-current and new directions","volume":"19","author":"Hersperger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.07.002","article-title":"Remote sensing research issues of the national land use change program of China","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.08.030","article-title":"Land use and land cover change in Inner Mongolia-understanding the effects of China\u2019s re-vegetation programs","volume":"204","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Hull, V., Batistella, M., DeFries, R., Dietz, T., Fu, F., Hertel, T., Izaurralde, R.C., Lambin, E., and Li, S. (2013). Framing sustainability in a telecoupled world. Ecol. Soc., 18.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-05873-180226"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seto, K.C., and Reenberg, A. (2014). Significance of telecoupling for exploration of land-use change. Rethinking Global Land Use in an Urban Era, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262026901.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/app5.17","article-title":"Forest sustainability in China and implications for a telecoupled world","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Policy Stud."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the potential of the telecoupling framework for understanding land change","volume":"1","author":"Friis","year":"2014","journal-title":"IRI THESys Discuss. Pap."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Hull, V., Luo, J., Yang, W., Liu, W., Vi\u00f1a, A., Vogt, C., Xu, Z., Yang, H., and Zhang, J. (2015). Multiple telecouplings and their complex interrelationships. Ecol. Soc., 20.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-07868-200344"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-009-0733-y","article-title":"Progress of the research methodologies on the temporal and spatial process of LUCC","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258832","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258832","article-title":"Systems integration for global sustainability","volume":"347","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-010-0483-4","article-title":"Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2016.04.040","article-title":"The driving forces of landscape change in Europe: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"57","author":"Plieninger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.018","article-title":"Land-cover change detection using multi-temporal modis ndvi data","volume":"105","author":"Lunetta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.02.032","article-title":"Global cropping intensity gaps: Increasing food production without cropland expansion","volume":"76","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2016.10.010","article-title":"Utilizing cloud computing to address big geospatial data challenges","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2018.04.009","article-title":"Spillover systems in a telecoupled anthropocene: Typology, methods, and governance for global sustainability","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"553","article-title":"A review of the international researches on land use\/land cover change","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.4.369","article-title":"Land-use\/land-cover change detection using improved change-vector analysis","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2004.12.005","article-title":"Evaluating urban expansion and land use change in Shijiazhuang, China, by using gis and remote sensing","volume":"75","author":"Xiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2006.09.004","article-title":"Remote sensing and gis for mapping and monitoring land cover and land-use changes in the Northwestern coastal zone of Egypt","volume":"27","author":"Shalaby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8306.9302004","article-title":"Multi-agent systems for the simulation of land-use and land-cover change: A review","volume":"93","author":"Parker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-009-9438-5","article-title":"Modelling and simulating change in reforesting mountain landscapes using a social-ecological framework","volume":"25","author":"Gibon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.12.003","article-title":"A multi-agent model system for land-use change simulation","volume":"42","author":"Ralha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2017.09.019","article-title":"A future land use simulation model (flus) for simulating multiple land use scenarios by coupling human and natural effects","volume":"168","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.2004.09402010.x","article-title":"Theorizing land-cover and land-use change: The case of the Florida everglades and its degradation","volume":"94","author":"Walker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.2007.00580.x","article-title":"Frontier land use change: Synthesis, challenges, and next steps","volume":"97","author":"Rindfuss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802468248","article-title":"The change of land cover and land use and its impact factors in upriver key regions of the yellow river","volume":"30","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2014.949723","article-title":"Effects of land-use\/cover change on hydrological processes using a GIS\/RS-based integrated hydrological model: Case study of the east river, China","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.04.092","article-title":"Land use and land cover changes in z\u00eazere watershed (portugal)\u2014Water quality implications","volume":"527","author":"Meneses","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2010.11.019","article-title":"Analyzing and modeling land use land cover change (LUCC) in the daqing city, China","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"91","article-title":"Global land-use\/land-cover change: Towards an integrated study","volume":"23","author":"Turner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ambio Stockholm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331291297","article-title":"Glc2000: A new approach to global land cover mapping from earth observation data","volume":"26","author":"Belward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ancene.2015.09.004","article-title":"Land system science and sustainable development of the earth system: A global land project perspective","volume":"12","author":"Verburg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anthropocene"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13618","article-title":"Phosphorus in agricultural soils: Drivers of its distribution at the global scale","volume":"23","author":"Ringeval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1040","article-title":"A new global land-use and land-cover change product at a 1-km resolution for 2010 to 2100 based on human\u2013environment interactions","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2005.09.007","article-title":"Issues in spatially explicit statistical land-use\/cover change (LUCC) models: Examples from western honduras and the central highlands of Vietnam","volume":"24","author":"Munroe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00142-5","article-title":"Multiple criteria for evaluating machine learning algorithms for land cover classification from satellite data","volume":"74","author":"Defries","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.10.008","article-title":"Geological mapping using remote sensing data: A comparison of five machine learning algorithms, their response to variations in the spatial distribution of training data and the use of explicit spatial information","volume":"63","author":"Cracknell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Jensen, J.R. (2005). Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, Prentice Hall. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5589\/m03-055","article-title":"Multitemporal spectral mixture analysis for amazonian land-cover change detection","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000101675","article-title":"Review articledigital change detection methods in ecosystem monitoring: A review","volume":"25","author":"Coppin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.2001.0509","article-title":"Land use change analysis in the Zhujiang delta of China using satellite remote sensing, GIS and stochastic modelling","volume":"64","author":"Weng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2005.00238.x","article-title":"Change estimates by map comparison: A method to reduce erroneous changes due to positional error","volume":"9","author":"Mas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Zhang, H., and Shu, N. (2008, January 25\u201327). Land use\/cover change detection using feature database based on vector-image data conflation. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-014-0719-9","article-title":"A vector-based cellular automata model for simulating urban land use change","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2010.11.006","article-title":"Comparison of methods for land-use classification incorporating remote sensing and GIS inputs","volume":"31","author":"Rozenstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.028","article-title":"A meta-analysis of remote sensing research on supervised pixel-based land-cover image classification processes: General guidelines for practitioners and future research","volume":"177","author":"Khatami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2393857","article-title":"Effective and efficient midlevel visual elements-oriented land-use classification using VHR remote sensing images","volume":"53","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.01.008","article-title":"A multi-index learning approach for classification of high-resolution remotely sensed images over urban areas","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14680","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114680","article-title":"Transferring deep convolutional neural networks for the scene classification of high-resolution remote sensing imagery","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.01.006","article-title":"A critical synthesis of remotely sensed optical image change detection techniques","volume":"160","author":"Tewkesbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.012","article-title":"Extending post-classification change detection using semantic similarity metrics to overcome class heterogeneity: A study of 1992 and 2001 us national land cover database changes","volume":"112","author":"Ahlqvist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2014.901900","article-title":"A new geospatial overlay method for the analysis and visualization of spatial change patterns using object-oriented data modeling concepts","volume":"41","author":"Tiede","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"725","article-title":"Satellite monitoring of urban spatial growth in the atlanta metropolitan area","volume":"68","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.006","article-title":"Land cover classification and change analysis of the twin cities (minnesota) metropolitan area by multitemporal landsat remote sensing","volume":"98","author":"Yuan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160601075582","article-title":"Object-based change detection using correlation image analysis and image segmentation","volume":"29","author":"Im","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.04.007","article-title":"Object-based land cover classification of shaded areas in high spatial resolution imagery of urban areas: A comparison study","volume":"113","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903571791","article-title":"Comparison of pixel- and object-based classification in land cover change mapping","volume":"32","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.12.017","article-title":"Per-pixel vs. Object-based classification of urban land cover extraction using high spatial resolution imagery","volume":"115","author":"Myint","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Chrisman, N.R. (1997). Exploring Geographic Information Systems, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"143","article-title":"Reflections on issues in national geographical conditions monitoring","volume":"41","author":"Deren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"267","article-title":"Applying geocomputation to the analysis of spatial distributions","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Longley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geographic Information Systems: Principles and Technical Issues"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810902754977","article-title":"Teragrid giscience gateway: Bridging cyberinfrastructure and giscience","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2010.04.001","article-title":"Geospatial cyberinfrastructure: Past, present and future","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J. (2010, January 2). Towards personal high-performance geospatial computing (HPC-G): Perspectives and a case study. Proceedings of the ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on High Performance and Distributed Geographic Information Systems, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1869692.1869694"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"508","article-title":"Recent developments in high performance computing for remote sensing: A review","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. STARS"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.07.028","article-title":"Recent advances in techniques for hyperspectral image processing","volume":"113","author":"Plaza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2015.1104534","article-title":"A land use\/land cover change geospatial cyberinfrastructure to integrate big data and temporal topology","volume":"30","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2013.09.015","article-title":"A big data urban growth simulation at a national scale: Configuring the gis and neural network based land transformation model to run in a high performance computing (HPC) environment","volume":"51","author":"Pijanowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Wang, S., and Armstrong, M.P. (August, January 31). A Theory of the Spatial Computational Domain. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on GeoComputation University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810801918509","article-title":"A theoretical approach to the use of cyberinfrastructure in geographical analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, L., Giesen, A., Hinrichs, K.H., and Vahrenhold, J. (1999, January 20\u201323). Algorithms for performing polygonal map overlay and spatial join on massive data sets. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Spatial Databases, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48482-5_17"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, D., Puri, S., He, X., and Prasad, S.K. (2012, January 21\u201325). A system for GIS polygonal overlay computation on linux cluster \u2014An experience and performance report. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 26th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops & PhD Forum, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPSW.2012.180"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.09.003","article-title":"Data decomposition method for parallel polygon rasterization considering load balancing","volume":"85","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1515\/geo-2017-0047","article-title":"A stream tilling approach to surface area estimation for large scale spatial data in a shared memory system","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Geosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorier, M., Antoniu, G., Cappello, F., Snir, M., and Orf, L. (2012, January 24\u201328). Damaris: How to efficiently leverage multicore parallelism to achieve scalable, jitter-free I\/O. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CLUSTER.2012.26"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7212","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6087212","article-title":"Streaming progressive tin densification filter for airborne lidar point clouds using multi-core architectures","volume":"6","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10107","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61010107","article-title":"Graph-based divide and conquer method for parallelizing spatial operations on vector data","volume":"6","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8191(00)00048-X","article-title":"Graph partitioning models for parallel computing","volume":"26","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parallel Comput."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1137\/0136016","article-title":"A separator theorem for planar graphs","volume":"36","author":"Lipton","year":"1979","journal-title":"SIAM J. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skiena, S. (2008). The Algorithm Design Manual, Springer Science & Business Media. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84800-070-4"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1137\/S1064827595287997","article-title":"A fast and high quality multilevel scheme for partitioning irregular graphs","volume":"20","author":"Karypis","year":"1998","journal-title":"SIAM J. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00224-006-1350-7","article-title":"Balanced graph partitioning","volume":"39","author":"Andreev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theor. Comput. Syst"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2011.587547","article-title":"Spatial cloud computing: How can the geospatial sciences use and help shape cloud computing?","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810600965271","article-title":"Towards a general theory of geographic representation in GIS","volume":"21","author":"Goodchild","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"De Smith, M.J., Goodchild, M.F., and Longley, P. (2008). Geospatial Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide to Principles, Techniques and Software tools, Troubador. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5498","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909315108","article-title":"Using spatial principles to optimize distributed computing for enabling the physical science discoveries","volume":"108","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1137\/0916028","article-title":"An improved spectral graph partitioning algorithm for mapping parallel computations","volume":"16","author":"Hendrickson","year":"1995","journal-title":"SIAM J. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Nour-Omid, B., Raefsky, A., and Lyzenga, G. (1987, January 13\u201318). Solving finite element equations on concurrent computers. Proceedings of the 1986 Symposium on Parallel Computations and Their Impact on Mechanics, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Miller, G.L., Teng, S.H., and Vavasis, S.A. (1991, January 1\u20134). A unified geometric approach to graph separators. Proceedings of the 1991 Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, San Juan, PR, USA."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, G.L., Teng, S., Thurston, W., and Vavasis, S.A. (1993). Automatic Mesh Partitioning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8369-7_3"},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Garbers, J., Promel, H.J., and Steger, A. (1990, January 11\u201315). Finding clusters in vlsi circuits. Proceedings of the 1990 IEEE International Conference on Digest of Technical Papers, Santa Clara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1109\/43.103500","article-title":"An improved two-way partitioning algorithm with stable performance [VLSI]","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"445","article-title":"A heuristic for reducing fill-in in sparse matrix factorization","volume":"1","author":"Bui","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Parallel Process. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrickson, B., and Leland, R. (1995, January 4\u20138). A multi-level algorithm for partitioning graphs. Proceedings of the 1995 ACM\/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/224170.224228"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/7\/273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:11:38Z","timestamp":1760195498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/7\/273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi7070273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi7070273","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]}}}