{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:03:19Z","timestamp":1760241799828,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]],"date-time":"2018-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change challenges mountain communities to prepare themselves via Community-Based Adaptation (CBA) plans that reduce vulnerability. This paper outlines the evaluation of a developed web-based information system to support CBA, referred to as a Mountain Community Adaptive System (MCAS). The web-based user interface visualizes collated data from data providers, integrating it with near real-time climate and weather datasets. The interface provides more up-to-date information than was previously available on the environment, particularly on land and climate. MCAS, a cloud-based Land Information System (LIS), was developed using an Agile-inspired approach offering system creation based on bare minimum system requirements and iterative development. The system was tested against Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration (FFP LA) criteria to assess the effectiveness in a case from Nepal. The results illustrate that an MCAS-style system can provide useful information such as land use status, adaptation options, near real-time rainfall and temperature details, amongst others, to enable services that can enhance CBA activities. The information can facilitate improved CBA planning and implementation at the mountain community level. Despite the mentioned benefits of MCAS, ensuring system access was identified as a key limitation: smartphones and mobile technologies still remain prohibitively expensive for members of mountain communities, and underlying information communication technology (ICT) infrastructures remain under-developed in the assessed mountain communities. The results of the evaluation further suggest that the land-related aspects of climate change should be added to CBA initiatives. Similarly, existing LIS could have functionalities extended to include climate-related variables that impact on land use, tenure, and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7090343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]],"date-time":"2018-08-23T03:00:46Z","timestamp":1534993246000},"page":"343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluating a Fit-For-Purpose Integrated Service-Oriented Land and Climate Change Information System for Mountain Community Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1229-9356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adish","family":"Khezri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1200-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swinburne Business School, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap","family":"Zevenbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., and Dallimer, M. (2015). What motivates rural households to adapt to climate change?. Clim. Dev., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/17565529.2015.1005037"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3200\/ENV.51.4.22-31","article-title":"Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change","volume":"51","author":"Ayers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2015.08.002","article-title":"Public participation, civic capacity, and climate change adaptation in cities","volume":"14","author":"Sarzynski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Drinkwater, K., and Polonsky, A. (2014). Ocean systems. Clim Chang 2014 Impacts, Adapt Vulnerability Part A Glob Sect Asp WGII Fifth Assess Rep IPCC, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behnassi, M., Syomiti Muteng\u2019e, M., Ramachandran, G., and Shelat, K.N. (2014). Vulnerability of Agriculture, Water and Fisheries to Climate Change, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8962-2"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Regmi, B.R. (2017, January 05). Revisiting Community-Based Adaptation. Available online: wwwForestrynepalOrg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2011.582344","article-title":"Community-based adaptation: Lessons from a grant competition","volume":"12","author":"Heltberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"King, S. (2014). Community-Based Adaptation: A Global Overview of CARE International\u2019s Practice of Community-Based Adaptation (CBA) to Climate Change, CARE International."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012","article-title":"Are we adapting to climate change?","volume":"21","author":"Ford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2015.02.005","article-title":"Coping with climate change: The role of spatial decision support tools in facilitating community adaptation","volume":"68","author":"Lieske","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00125-9","article-title":"Special issue: Geomatics in mountainous areas\u2014The International Year of the Mountains 2002","volume":"57","author":"Gruen","year":"2002","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"177","article-title":"Data quality parameters","volume":"1","author":"Veregin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.22.001702","article-title":"Atmospheric effects in satellite imaging of mountainous terrain","volume":"22","author":"Sjoberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.09.026","article-title":"Key issues in making and using satellite-based maps in ecology: A primer","volume":"222","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2006","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"ICTs and Climate Change Adaptation: Enabling Innovative Strategies","volume":"17","author":"Ospina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Strateg. Brief-1 Clim. Chang. Innov. ICTs Proj."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247813516061","article-title":"Moving beyond short-term coping and adaptation","volume":"26","author":"Wamsler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Urban."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bartoli, F., and Medaglia, C.M. (2012, January 6\u201310). GeoAvalanche\u2014Spatial Data Infrastructure for avalanche awareness warning. Proceedings of the 2012 FIG Working Week, Knowing to Manage the Territory, Protect the Environment, Evaluate the Cultural Heritage, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Geopraevent, A.G. (2017, August 02). Geopraevent. Available online: http:\/\/www.geopraevent.ch\/?lang=en."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) (2017, January 01). Citizen Scientists Aid Winter Fog Study with Mobile App. Available online: http:\/\/www.icimod.org\/?q=22713."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012). The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/016\/i2801e\/i2801e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.05.026","article-title":"Climate resilient urban development: Why responsible land governance is important","volume":"48","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Enemark, S. (2015). Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration, World Bank and International Federation of Surveyors."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) (2014). The Surveyor\u2019s Role in Monitoring, Mitigating, and Adapting to Climate Change, International Federation of Surveyors."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Enemark, S., McLaren, R., and Lemmen, C. (2015). Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration Guiding Principles, Global Land Tool Network (GLTN)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Eckstein, D., K\u00fcnzel, V., and Sch\u00e4fer, L. (2018, March 21). Global Climate Risk Index 2018: Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events?. Available online: https:\/\/germanwatch.org\/en\/download\/7170.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment (2010). Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Nepal."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"47","article-title":"Defining the Requirements of an Information System for Climate Change Adaptation in the Mountain","volume":"6","author":"Khezri","year":"2018","journal-title":"MDPI-Clim."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Dennis, A., Haley Wixom, B., and Roth, M.R. (2012). System Analysis and Design, Wiley. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-009-9097-8","article-title":"Integration and generification-agile software development in the healthcare market","volume":"18","author":"Johannessen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Support. Coop. Work"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2009.11.004","article-title":"A teamwork model for understanding an agile team: A case study of a Scrum project","volume":"52","author":"Moe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1201\/1078.10580530\/46108.23.3.20060601\/93704.3","article-title":"Agile Software Development: Adaptive Systems Principles and Best Practices","volume":"23","author":"Meso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.02.033","article-title":"A decade of agile methodologies: Towards explaining agile software development","volume":"85","author":"Nerur","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Schwaber, K. (2004). Agile Project Management with Scrum, Microsoft Press. Available online: http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/073561993X."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/14498596.2015.997315","article-title":"Introducing a usability framework to support urban information discovery and analytics","volume":"60","author":"Barton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Spat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Beck, K. (2000). Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change, Addison-Wesley Longman."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misra, H. (2008, January 28\u201330). Users\u2019 computer human interface capabilities in information system development life cycle: An organizational perspective. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Engineering Management Conference, Estoril, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCE.2008.4618039"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2003.11045748","article-title":"The DeLone and McLean Model of Information Systems Success: A Ten-Year Update","volume":"19","author":"DeLone","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/00396265.2015.1097584","article-title":"Fit-for-purpose land administration: Lessons from urban and rural Ethiopia","volume":"48","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods, Oxford University Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Guest, G., Namey, E.E., and Mitchell, M.L. (2013). Participant Observation, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2009.11.008","article-title":"An assessment of Public Participation GIS and Web 2.0 technologies in urban planning practice in Canela, Brazil","volume":"27","author":"Bugs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"91","article-title":"Extracting Wire-Frame Models of Street Facades From 3D Point Clouds and the Corresponding Cadastral Map","volume":"38","author":"Hammoudi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IAPRS"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"11","article-title":"A Systems Approach to Land Registration and Cadastre","volume":"1","author":"Zevenbergen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nord. J. Surv. Real Estate Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1680\/jgeen.16.00198","article-title":"Georeferenced monitoring of displacements of gabion walls","volume":"171","author":"Campelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2017, January 01). OpenStreetMap. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OpenStreetMap."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapa, D., and S\u00e6b\u00f8, \u00d8. (2011, January 4\u20137). Demystifying the possibilities of ICT4D in the mountain regions of Nepal. Proceedings of the 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2011.142"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"OpenWeatherMap (2017, November 12). Open Weather Map. Available online: https:\/\/openweathermap.org\/technology."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2016.1179441","article-title":"Spatially simplified scatterplots for large raster datasets","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"317","article-title":"Hiding Information in Vector Layer While Extracting Layers from Raster Data","volume":"21","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inf. Secur. J."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Cimato, F., and Mullan, M. (2010). Adapting to Climate Change: Analysing the Role of Government, Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Simbizi, D.M.C. (2016). Measuring Land Tenure Security: A Pro-Poor Perspective, University of Twente Faculty of Geo-Information and Earth Observation (ITC)."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furuholt, B., Wahid, F., and S\u00e6b\u00f8, \u00d8. Land information systems for development (LIS4D): A neglected area within ICT4D research? In Proceedings of the 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, HI, USA, 5\u20138 January 2015.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2015.259"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/9\/343\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:20:30Z","timestamp":1760196030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/9\/343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi7090343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi7090343","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]]}}}