{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:40:43Z","timestamp":1772638843249,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,8]],"date-time":"2018-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["2012CB720000-G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB720000-G"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2016YFB0801301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0801301"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFC1200300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1200300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The implementation of increased space exploration missions reduces the distance between human beings and outer space. Although it is impossible for everyone to enter the remote outer space, virtual environments could provide computer-based digital spaces that we can observe, participate in, and experience. In this study, Sino-InSpace, a digital simulation platform, was developed to support the construction of virtual space environments. The input data are divided into two types, the environment element and the entity object, that are then supported by the unified time-space datum. The platform adopted the pyramid model and octree index to preprocess the geographic and space environment data, which ensured the efficiency of data loading and browsing. To describe objects perfectly, they were abstracted and modeled based on four aspects including attributes, ephemeris, geometry, and behavior. Then, the platform performed the organization of a visual scenario based on logical modeling and data modeling; in addition, it ensured smooth and flexible visual scenario displays using efficient data and rendering engines. Multilevel modes (application directly, visualization development, and scientific analysis) were designed to support multilevel applications for users from different grades and fields. Each mode provided representative case studies, which also demonstrated the capabilities of the platform for data integration, visualization, process deduction, and auxiliary analysis. Finally, a user study with human participants was conducted from multiple views (usability, user acceptance, presence, and software design). The results indicate that Sino-InSpace performs well in simulation for virtual space environments, while a virtual reality setup is beneficial for promoting the experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7090373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]],"date-time":"2018-09-10T10:28:57Z","timestamp":1536575337000},"page":"373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sino-InSpace: A Digital Simulation Platform for Virtual Space Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1168-210X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Information System Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Engineering, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geo-Information Technology for Smart Central Plains, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaozhen","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qunshan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanjie","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Information System Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Engineering, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinghao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Zhengzhou 450052, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Information System Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Engineering, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.11.004","article-title":"Earth observation from the manned low earth orbit platforms","volume":"115","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-012-4759-z","article-title":"Investigation on the development of deep space exploration","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"13","article-title":"Deep space exploration and its prospect in china","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2008.01.002","article-title":"China\u2019s lunar exploration program: Present and future","volume":"56","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"NASA (2017, December 01). The Vision for Space Exploration, Available online: https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/pdf\/55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"ESA (2017, November 22). The Future of European Space Exploration. Available online: http:\/\/sci.esa.int\/science-e\/www\/object\/doc.cfm?fobjectid=45512."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kane, V. (2017, December 01). Russia\u2019s Ambitious Planetary Exploration Goals. Available online: http:\/\/www.planetary.org\/blogs\/guest-blogs\/van-kane\/20140123-russia-lunar-and-planetary-plans.html."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.689234","article-title":"Virtual geographic environment: A workspace for computer-aided geographic experiments","volume":"103","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. GeoGraph."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2012.10.003","article-title":"The 2012 free and open source gis software map\u2014A guide to facilitate research, development, and adoption","volume":"39","author":"Steiniger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"149","article-title":"Planetary maps: Visualization and nomenclature","volume":"41","author":"Hargitai","year":"2006","journal-title":"CartoGraph. Int. J. GeoGraph. Inf. Geovis."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"USGS (2017, September 23). Lunar Web Mapping Application, Available online: https:\/\/webgis2.wr.usgs.gov\/Lunar_Global_GIS\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"USGS (2017, September 23). Mars Global GIS Mapping Application, Available online: https:\/\/webgis2.wr.usgs.gov\/Mars_Global_GIS\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"IAU (2017, September 18). Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, Available online: https:\/\/planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Google (2017, November 21). Google Earth. Available online: http:\/\/earth.google.com\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"NASA (2017, December 01). NASA WorldWind, Available online: https:\/\/worldwind.arc.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"ESRI (2017, December 01). ArcGIS Earth. Available online: http:\/\/www.esri.com\/software\/arcgis-earth."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/17538940902746512","article-title":"A digital earth prototype system: Deps\/cas","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"551","article-title":"Geoglobe:Geo-spatial information sharing platform as open virtual earth","volume":"39","author":"Gong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartograph. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Wood, C.A., Reese, D.D., Ruberg, L., Harrison, A., Lightfritz, C., and Avatrian, L. Moonworld: Implementation of virtual lunar exploration, In Proceedings of the 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, USA, 1\u20135 March 2010."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2012.01.005","article-title":"Sino-virtualmoon: A 3D web platform using chang\u2019e-1 data for collaborative research","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Google (2017, November 21). Google Mars. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/mars\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"ASU (2017, August 15). JMARS. Available online: https:\/\/jmars.asu.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2010.07.015","article-title":"Integrating advanced visualization technology into the planetary geoscience workflow","volume":"59","author":"Huffman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.71.10.1219","article-title":"Adviser: Immersive scientific visualization applied to mars research and exploration","volume":"71","author":"Head","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"AGI (2017, October 10). Systems Tool Kit. Available online: https:\/\/www.agi.com\/products\/stk\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"AGI (2017, October 10). Cesium. Available online: https:\/\/cesiumjs.org\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"NASA (2017, December 01). General Mission Analysis Tool. Available online: https:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/gmat\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Wood, L. (2017, December 01). SaVi Satellite Constellation Visualizer. Available online: https:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/savi\/?source=recommended."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"111","article-title":"Science data visualization in planetary and heliospheric contexts with 3dview","volume":"150","author":"Beigbeder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"NASA (2017, December 01). Cosmographia, Available online: http:\/\/naif.jpl.nasa.gov\/naif\/cosmographia.html."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11088","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202383109","article-title":"Next-generation digital earth","volume":"109","author":"Goodchild","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2011.01.017","article-title":"Collaborative virtual geographic environments: A case study of air pollution simulation","volume":"181","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810903012425","article-title":"A grid-based collaborative virtual geographic environment for the planning of silt dam systems","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. GeoGraph. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Gong, J., Li, W., Xu, T., Shen, S., Liang, J., Feng, Q., Zhang, D., and Sun, J. (2018). Social force model-based group behavior simulation in virtual geographic environments. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7020079"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-011-4193-2","article-title":"Geographic analysis-oriented virtual geographic environment: Framework, structure and functions","volume":"54","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2015.1099568","article-title":"Managing and sharing geographic knowledge in virtual geographic environments (vges)","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. GIS"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12167","article-title":"Virtual environments begin to embrace process-based geographic analysis","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1068\/b38160","article-title":"Real-geographic-scenario-based virtual social environments: Integrating geography with social research","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6975","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4761-4","article-title":"Developing dynamic virtual geographic environments (vges) for geographic research","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2013.08.001","article-title":"Virtual geographic environments (vges): A new generation of geographic analysis tool","volume":"126","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2017.1419452","article-title":"Virtual geographic environments (vges): Originating from or beyond virtual reality (vr)?","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7003","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4736-5","article-title":"Data environment construction for virtual geographic environment","volume":"74","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"NASA (2017, December 01). PDS: The Planetary Atmospheres Node. Available online: http:\/\/pds-atmospheres.nmsu.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"NOAA (2017, December 17). Space Weather, Available online: https:\/\/ngdc.noaa.gov\/stp\/spaceweather.html."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nrlmsise-00 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues","volume":"107","author":"Picone","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623-015-0228-9","article-title":"International geomagnetic reference field: The 12th generation","volume":"67","author":"Finlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1051\/swsc\/2014004","article-title":"The international reference ionosphere 2012\u2014A model of international collaboration","volume":"4","author":"Bilitza","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Space Weather Space Clim."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"27","article-title":"The tycho-2 catalogue : Positions, proper motions and two-colour photometry of the 2.5 million brightest stars","volume":"355","author":"Hog","year":"2000","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"JPL (2017, December 17). Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris (JPL DE) 405. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory_Development_Ephemeris."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"IAU (2017, September 18). International Astronomical Union. Available online: https:\/\/www.iau.org\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"IERS (2017, September 16). International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. Available online: https:\/\/www.iers.org\/IERS\/EN\/Home\/home_node.html."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"IUGG (2017, September 16). International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. Available online: http:\/\/www.iugg.org\/."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11404","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.11404","article-title":"Standards of fundamental astronomy","volume":"6","author":"Hohenkerk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scholarpedia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, G., and Xu, J. (2013). Coordinate and time systems. Orbits: 2nd Order Singularity-Free Solutions, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32793-3"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Petit, G., Luzum, B., and Al, E. (2017, September 03). IERS Conventions (2010). Available online: https:\/\/www.iers.org\/SharedDocs\/Publikationen\/EN\/IERS\/Publications\/tn\/TechnNote36\/tn36.pdf;jsessionid=0575758F39B0CFC0E709A864DCB9313C.live1?__blob=publicationFile&v=1."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Liu, J., Yang, Y., and Fan, S. (2012). Time scales and time transformations among satellite navigation systems. China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2012 Proceedings, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29175-3"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2011.628415","article-title":"Construction of a virtual lunar environment platform","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-4-W2-101-2013","article-title":"Rapid visualization of global image and dem based on SDOG-ESSG","volume":"XL-4\/W2","author":"Bo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2015.08.005","article-title":"A survey of digital earth","volume":"53","author":"Alderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shekhar, S., Xiong, H., and Zhou, X. (2017). Quadtree and octree. Encyclopedia of GIS, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17885-1"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-012-4387-2","article-title":"Sdog-based multi-scale 3d modeling and visualization on global lithosphere","volume":"55","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Yu, J., and Wu, L. (2010, January 12\u201317). Spatial subdivision and coding of a global three-dimensional grid: Spheoid degenerated-octree grid. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Cape Town, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00fc, G., Chen, M., Yuan, L., Zhou, L., Wen, Y., Wu, M., Hu, B., Yu, Z., Yue, S., and Sheng, Y. (2017). Geographic scenario: A possible foundation for further development of virtual geographic environments. Int. J. Digit. Earth, 356\u2013368.","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2017.1374477"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1823738.1823739","article-title":"Cognitive transfer of spatial awareness states from immersive virtual environments to reality","volume":"7","author":"Mania","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acm. Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"IAU (2017, December 03). All Named Features for the Moon, Available online: https:\/\/planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov\/shapefiles\/MOON_nomenclature.zip."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5599","DOI":"10.1029\/94JA03193","article-title":"Modeling the earth\u2019s magnetospheric magnetic field confined within a realistic magnetopause","volume":"100","author":"Tsyganenko","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20870\/IJVR.2010.9.2.2767","article-title":"A survey of augmented reality technologies, applications and limitations","volume":"9","author":"Krevelen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Virtual Reality"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"3","article-title":"Virtual reality: Past, present and future","volume":"58","author":"Gobbetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Aurel, M., Wang, X., Seichter, H., and Kvan, T. (2008, January 9\u201312). Touching the untouchables: Virtual-, augmented- and reality. Proceedings of the Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2008), Chaiang Mai, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x","article-title":"Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence","volume":"42","author":"Steuer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.11.021","article-title":"Augmented reality in built environment: Classification and implications for future research","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Baidu (2018, February 04). ECharts. Available online: https:\/\/ecomfe.github.io\/echarts-doc\/public\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"212","article-title":"Nasa radiation belt models ap-8 and ae-8","volume":"51","author":"Jordan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Polit."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Survey on collision assessment and warning techniques for space object","volume":"8","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"USGS (2017, December 03). Mars Colorized Viking Mosaic, Available online: https:\/\/planetarymaps.usgs.gov\/mosaic\/Mars_Viking_MDIM21_ClrMosaic_global_232m.tif."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Smith, D., Neumann, G., Arvidson, R.E., Guinness, E.A., and Slavney, S. (2018, February 04). MGS-M-MOLA-5-MEGDR-L3-V1.0, Available online: https:\/\/pds.nasa.gov\/ds-view\/pds\/viewProfile.jsp?dsid=MGS-M-MOLA-5-MEGDR-L3-V1.0."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/10447310801920516","article-title":"Understanding usability and user experience of web-based 3D graphics technology","volume":"24","author":"Yoon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mis. Q."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Ijsselsteijn, W. (2002, January 9\u201311). Elements of a multi-level theory of presence: Phenomenology, mental processing and neural correlates. Proceedings of the Presence, Porto, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.07.038","article-title":"A framework for the design and verification of software measurement methods","volume":"81","author":"Habra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","article-title":"Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests","volume":"16","author":"Cronbach","year":"1951","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"331","article-title":"The core problems and key technologies of pan-spatial information system","volume":"33","author":"Hua","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geomat. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343612","article-title":"A cross-media presence questionnaire: The itc-sense of presence inventory","volume":"10","author":"Lessiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Presence"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/9\/373\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:19:31Z","timestamp":1760195971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/9\/373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,8]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi7090373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi7090373","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,8]]}}}