{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:11:18Z","timestamp":1781068278511,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010536","name":"Walton Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-1805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-1805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010536","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Here we present \u201cCO-RIP\u201d, a novel spatial dataset delineating riparian corridors and riparian vegetation along large streams and rivers in the United States (US) portion of the Colorado River Basin. The consistent delineation of riparian areas across large areas using remote sensing has been a historically complicated process partially due to differing definitions in the scientific and management communities regarding what a \u201criparian corridor\u201d or \u201criparian vegetation\u201d represents. We use valley-bottoms to define the riparian corridor and establish a riparian vegetation definition interpretable from aerial imagery for efficient, consistent, and broad-scale mapping. Riparian vegetation presence and absence data were collected using a systematic, flexible image interpretation process applicable wherever high resolution imagery is available. We implemented a two-step approach using existing valley bottom delineation methods and random forests classification models that integrate Landsat spectral information to delineate riparian corridors and vegetation across the 12 ecoregions of the Colorado River Basin. Riparian vegetation model accuracy was generally strong (median kappa of 0.80), however it varied across ecoregions (kappa range of 0.42\u20130.90). We offer suggestions for improvement in our current image interpretation and modelling frameworks, particularly encouraging additional research in mapping riparian vegetation in moist coniferous forest and deep canyon environments. The CO-RIP dataset created through this research is publicly available and can be utilized in a wide range of ecological applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7100397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T12:16:44Z","timestamp":1538741804000},"page":"397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["CO-RIP: A Riparian Vegetation and Corridor Extent Dataset for Colorado River Basin Streams and Rivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Woodward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"NASA DEVELOP Colorado Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul H.","family":"Evangelista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"NASA DEVELOP Colorado Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3598-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"NASA DEVELOP Colorado Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0622-0683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony G.","family":"Vorster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"NASA DEVELOP Colorado Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda M.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca K.","family":"Girma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma Zink","family":"Hatcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA DEVELOP Colorado Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2821-3302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan L.","family":"Vahsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA DEVELOP Colorado Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandeep","family":"Vashisht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA DEVELOP Colorado Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA DEVELOP Colorado Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Carver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA DEVELOP Colorado Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9699-2336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Jarnevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA DEVELOP Colorado Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2307\/1313099","article-title":"The Natural Flow Regime","volume":"47","author":"Poff","year":"1997","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2307\/1941822","article-title":"The Role of Riparian Corridors in Maintaining Regional Biodiversity","volume":"3","author":"Naiman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(99)00131-7","article-title":"Measuring the total economic value of restoring ecosystem services in an impaired river basin: results from a contingent valuation survey","volume":"33","author":"Loomis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3019","article-title":"A Multi-scale, Hierarchical Model to Map Riparian Zones","volume":"32","author":"Salo","year":"2016","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Mackintosh, E.S., Fitzgerald, J., and Kloepfer, D. (1989). The Thin Green Line: Riparian Corridors and Endangered Species in Arizona and New Mexico. Defense of Wildlife: Preserving Communities and Corridors, Defenders of Wildlife."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04675.x","article-title":"Status of Riparian Ecosystems in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Swift","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Dahl, T.E. (1990). Wetlands Losses in the United States 1780\u2019s to 1980\u2019s."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1366-9516.2006.00314.x","article-title":"Riparian vegetation: Degradation, alien plant invasions, and restoration prospects","volume":"13","author":"Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2011.00571.x","article-title":"Threats to Riparian Ecosystems in Western North America: An Analysis of Existing Literature","volume":"47","author":"Poff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1932","article-title":"Effects of urbanization and urban stream restoration on the physical and biological structure of stream ecosystems","volume":"21","author":"Violin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl. Publ. Ecol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"430","article-title":"Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and streamside management implications\u2014A review","volume":"37","author":"Kauffman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag. J. Range Manag. Arch."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-002-2737-0","article-title":"Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity","volume":"30","author":"Bunn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2018, May 18). Multi-Resoultion Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC), Available online: https:\/\/www.mrlc.gov\/nlcdshrub.php."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"346","article-title":"Completion of the 2011 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States\u2014Representing a Decade of Land Cover Change Information","volume":"81","author":"Homer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2018, May 18). LANDFIRE, Available online: https:\/\/www.landfire.gov\/evt.php."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.008","article-title":"Mapping moderate-scale land-cover over very large geographic areas within a collaborative framework: A case study of the Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project (SWReGAP)","volume":"108","author":"Lowry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2018, August 15). Copernicus Land Monitoring Service. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/local\/riparian-zones."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"National Park Service (NPS) (2005). Final Environmental Impact Statement, Colorado River Management Plan."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2018, May 05). The Nature Conservancy. Available online: https:\/\/www.nature.org\/?intc=nature.tnav.logo."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program (2018). Final Implementation Report, Fiscal Year 2019 Work Plan and Budget, Fiscal Year 2017 Accomplishment Report."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.2307\/1311607","article-title":"An Ecosystem Perspective of Riparian Zones","volume":"41","author":"Gregory","year":"1991","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"23","article-title":"Conservation of Riparian Ecosystems in the United States","volume":"100","author":"Knopf","year":"1988","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2307\/1310614","article-title":"Landform Effects on Ecosystem Patterns and Processes: Geomorphic features of the earth\u2019s surface regulate the distribution of organisms and processes","volume":"38","author":"Swanson","year":"1988","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1699(02)00108-4","article-title":"Evaluating Remotely Sensed Techniques for Mapping Riparian Vegetation","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03829.x","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Riparian Buffers: Past Progress and Future Prospects","volume":"42","author":"Goetz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Jones, K.B., Li, H., and Loucks, O.L. (2006). Scaling issues in mapping riparian zones with remote sensing data: quantifying errors and sources of uncertainty. Scaling and Uncertainty Analysis in Ecology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4663-4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.06.002","article-title":"Pan-European distribution modelling of stream riparian zones based on multi-source Earth Observation data","volume":"24","author":"Clerici","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11054","article-title":"Delineation of riparian vegetation from Landsat multi-temporal imagery using PCA","volume":"31","author":"Alaibakhsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Kammerer, J.C. (1990). Largest Rivers in the United States (Water Fact Sheet), US Geological Survey."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Wilken, E., Jim\u00e9nez Nava, F., and Griffith, G. (2011). North American Terrestrial Ecoregions\u2014Level III. Commun. Environ. Coop."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.10.054","article-title":"Riparian vegetation as an indicator of riparian condition: Detecting departures from historic condition across the North American West","volume":"202","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Verry, E.S., Hornbeck, J.W., and Dolloff, C.A. (2000). Defining riparian areas. Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States, Lewis Publishers."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.07.014","article-title":"The Valley Bottom Extraction Tool (V-BET): A GIS tool for delineating valley bottoms across entire drainage networks","volume":"97","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) (2004). ArcGIS 10.3., Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2017, September 12). US Geological Survey\u2014National Hydrography Dataset (2016), Available online: https:\/\/nhd.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"5","article-title":"The national elevation data set","volume":"68","author":"Gesch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simley, J.D., and Carswell, W.J. (2009). The National Map-Hydrography, US Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3054.","DOI":"10.3133\/fs20093054"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Seaber, P.R., Kapinos, F.P., and Knapp, G.L. (1987). Hydrologic Unit Maps, US Geological Survey. Water Supply Paper 2294."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-014-0364-1","article-title":"Ecoregions of the Conterminous United States: Evolution of a Hierarchical Spatial Framework","volume":"54","author":"Omernik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.05.016","article-title":"Effects of sample survey design on the accuracy of classification tree models in species distribution models","volume":"199","author":"Edwards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"260","article-title":"Riparian areas: Perceptions in management","volume":"9","author":"Elmore","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rangel. Arch."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Jones, G. (1990). Workplan for a Uniform Statewide Riparian Vegetation Classification, Wyoming Natural Diversity Database."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"81","article-title":"The Tasseled Cap De-Mystified","volume":"52","author":"Crist","year":"1986","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.915434","article-title":"Derivation of a tasselled cap transformation based on Landsat 8 at-satellite reflectance","volume":"5","author":"Baig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Rouse, W., and Haas, R.H. Monitoring Vegetation Systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. 9."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90106-X","article-title":"A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI)","volume":"25","author":"Huete","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","article-title":"Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and Regression by RandomForest","volume":"2","author":"Liaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.08.011","article-title":"Random Forests for Land Cover Classification","volume":"27","author":"Gislason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Evans, J.S., and Murphy, M.A. (2017, June 01). rfUtilities: Random Forests Model Selection and Performance Evaluation. R package version 1.0-2. Available online: http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/pack-age = rfUtilities."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"R Development Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Development Core Team. The R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0879.1","article-title":"Quantifying Bufo boreas connectivity in Yellowstone National Park with landscape genetics","volume":"91","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124007","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/12\/124007","article-title":"Warm summer nights and the growth decline of shore pine in Southeast Alaska","volume":"10","author":"Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strobl, C., Boulesteix, A.-L., Kneib, T., Augustin, T., and Zeileis, A. (2008). Conditional variable importance for random forests. BMC Bioinform., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-307"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Kohavi, R. (1995). A Study of Cross-Validation and Bootstrap for Accuracy Estimation and Model Selection, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.06.029","article-title":"A riparian conservation network for ecological resilience","volume":"191","author":"Fremier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.12425","article-title":"High-resolution riparian vegetation mapping to prioritize conservation and restoration in an impaired desert river","volume":"25","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2307\/3671736","article-title":"Nesting-Habitat Relationships of Riparian Birds along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona","volume":"34","author":"Brown","year":"1989","journal-title":"Southwest. Nat."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1128","article-title":"Using Breeding Land Birds in the Assessment of Western Riparian Systems","volume":"30","author":"Rich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1525\/cond.2008.8421","article-title":"Factors Influencing Species Richness and Community Composition of Breeding Birds in a Desert Riparian Corridor","volume":"110","author":"Brand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3368\/er.33.4.395","article-title":"Importance of Native Understory for Bird and Butterfly Communities in a Riparian and Marsh Restoration Project on the Lower Colorado River, Arizona","volume":"33","author":"Trathnigg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Restor."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.11.013","article-title":"Comparison of three models for predicting gross primary production across and within forested ecoregions in the contiguous United States","volume":"113","author":"Coops","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.042","article-title":"Estimating California ecosystem carbon change using process model and land cover disturbance data: 1951\u20132000","volume":"222","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1030519","article-title":"Mapping Invasive Tamarisk (Tamarix): A Comparison of Single-Scene and Time-Series Analyses of Remotely Sensed Data","volume":"1","author":"Evangelista","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"135","article-title":"Using multi-date satellite imagery to monitor invasive grass species distribution in post-wildfire landscapes: An iterative, adaptable approach that employs open-source data and software","volume":"59","author":"West","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/10\/397\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:24:08Z","timestamp":1760196248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/10\/397"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi7100397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi7100397","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]}}}