{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T20:44:20Z","timestamp":1775249060934,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automatic composition of geospatial web services increases the possibility of taking full advantage of spatial data and processing capabilities that have been published over the internet. In this paper, a multi-agent artificial intelligence (AI) planning solution was proposed, which works within the geoportal architecture and enables the geoportal to compose semantically annotated Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Services based on users\u2019 requirements. In this solution, the registered Catalogue Service for Web (CSW) services in the geoportal along with a composition coordinator component interact together to synthesize Open Geospatial Consortium Web Services (OWSs) and generate the composition workflow. A prototype geoportal was developed, a case study of evacuation sheltering was implemented to illustrate the functionality of the algorithm, and a simulation environment, including one hundred simulated OWSs and five CSW services, was used to test the performance of the solution in a more complex circumstance. The prototype geoportal was able to generate the composite web service, based on the requested goals of the user. Additionally, in the simulation environment, while the execution time of the composition with two CSW service nodes was 20 s, the addition of new CSW nodes reduced the composition time exponentially, so that with five CSW nodes the execution time reduced to 0.3 s. Results showed that due to the utilization of the computational power of CSW services, the solution was fast, horizontally scalable, and less vulnerable to the exponential growth in the search space of the AI planning problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7100404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T10:54:03Z","timestamp":1539341643000},"page":"404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multi-Agent Planning for Automatic Geospatial Web Service Composition in Geoportals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3071-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Farnaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS Center, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19697 64499, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mansourian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS Center, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Middle-Eastern Studies, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2006.09.003","article-title":"Semantics-based automatic composition of geospatial Web service chains","volume":"33","author":"Yue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schumacher, M., Schuldt, H., and Helin, H. (2008). Semantic web service coordination. 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