{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T14:39:09Z","timestamp":1769611149568,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,13]],"date-time":"2018-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671384; 41301410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671384; 41301410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFB0503500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0503500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crowd-sourced geographic information is becoming increasingly available, providing diverse and timely sources for updating existing spatial databases to facilitate urban studies, geoinformatics, and real estate practices. However, the discrepancies between heterogeneous datasets present challenges for automated change detection. In this paper, we identify important measurable factors to account for issues like boundary mismatch, large offset, and discrepancies in the levels of detail between the more current and to-be-updated datasets. These factors are organized into rule sets that include data matching, merge of the many-to-many correspondence, controlled displacement, shape similarity, morphology of difference parts, and the building pattern constraint. We tested our approach against OpenStreetMap and a Dutch topographic dataset (TOP10NL). By removing or adding some components, the results show that our approach (accuracy = 0.90) significantly outperformed a basic geometric method (0.77), commonly used in previous studies, implying a more reliable change detection in realistic update scenarios. We further found that distinguishing between small and large buildings was a useful heuristic in creating the rules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7100406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]],"date-time":"2018-10-15T03:43:01Z","timestamp":1539574981000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Change Detection for Building Footprints with Different Levels of Detail Using Combined Shape and Pattern Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5111-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application Engineering, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geo-Information, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6581-9872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tinghua","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Mapping and Land Information Application Engineering, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geo-Information, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1068\/b35097","article-title":"How good is volunteered geographical information? 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