{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:34:19Z","timestamp":1791419659592,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFB0504200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0504200"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China","award":["BK20170640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20170640"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017T10034,2016M600392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017T10034,2016M600392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite increases in the spatial resolution of satellite imagery prompting interest in object-based image analysis, few studies have used object-based methods for monitoring changes in coral reefs. This study proposes a high accuracy object-based change detection (OBCD) method intended for coral reef environment, which uses QuickBird and WorldView-2 images. The proposed methodological framework includes image fusion, multi-temporal image segmentation, image differencing, random forests models, and object-area-based accuracy assessment. For validation, we applied the method to images of four coral reef study sites in the South China Sea. We compared the proposed OBCD method with a conventional pixel-based change detection (PBCD) method by implementing both methods under the same conditions. The average overall accuracy of OBCD exceeded 90%, which was approximately 20% higher than PBCD. The OBCD method was free from salt-and-pepper effects and was less prone to images misregistration in terms of change detection accuracy and mapping results. The object-area-based accuracy assessment reached a higher overall accuracy and per-class accuracy than the object-number-based and pixel-number-based accuracy assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7110441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T02:42:41Z","timestamp":1542163361000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Change Detection in Coral Reef Environment Using High-Resolution Images: Comparison of Object-Based and Pixel-Based Paradigms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2842-9365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenjin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8331-7200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengyu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Urban Planning &amp; Land Resource Research Center, Shenzhen 518028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengru","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(99)00009-9","article-title":"Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems","volume":"29","author":"Moberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. 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