{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:27:03Z","timestamp":1762867623400,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41501445, 41701450, 41571398, 41801321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41501445, 41701450, 41571398, 41801321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Anhui","award":["1608085QD77, 1808085QD103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1608085QD77, 1808085QD103"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Natural Science Research of Anhui Provincial Department of Education","award":["KJ2015A171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2015A171"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Terrain positions are widely used to describe the Earth\u2019s topographic features and play an important role in the studies of landform evolution, soil erosion and hydrological modeling. This work develops a new multimodal classification system with enhanced classification performance by integrating different approaches for terrain position identification. The adopted classification approaches include local terrain attribute (LA)-based and regional terrain attribute (RA)-based, rule-based and supervised, and pixel-based and object-oriented methods. Firstly, a double-level definition scheme is presented for terrain positions. Then, utilizing a hierarchical framework, a multimodal approach is developed by integrating different classification techniques. Finally, an assessment method is established to evaluate the new classification system from different aspects. The experimental results, obtained at a Loess Plateau region in northern China on a 5 m digital elevation model (DEM), show reasonably positional relationship, and larger inter-class and smaller intra-class variances. This indicates that identified terrain positions are consistent with the actual topography from both overall and local perspectives, and have relatively good integrity and rationality. This study demonstrates that the current multimodal classification system, developed by taking advantage of various classification methods, can reflect the geographic meanings and topographic features of terrain positions from different levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7110443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T10:58:22Z","timestamp":1542193102000},"page":"443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effective Identification of Terrain Positions from Gridded DEM Data Using Multimodal Classification Integration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Geo-information Smart Sensing and Services, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China"},{"name":"School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK"}]},{"given":"Dequan","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Geo-information Smart Sensing and Services, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Geo-information Smart Sensing and Services, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China"}]},{"given":"Qiuhua","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799008941527","article-title":"Terrain position as mapped from a gridded digital elevation model","volume":"4","author":"Skidmore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. 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