{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T18:55:59Z","timestamp":1771700159433,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]],"date-time":"2018-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universitat Jaume I - PINV 2017","award":["UJI-A2017-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UJI-A2017-14"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The idea of virtuality is not new, as research on visualization and simulation dates back to the early use of ink and paper sketches for alternative design comparisons. As technology has advanced so the way of visualizing simulations as well, but the progress is slow due to difficulties in creating workable simulations models and effectively providing them to the users. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, the evolving technologies that have been haunting the tech industry, receiving excessive attention from the media and colossal growing are redefining the way we interact, communicate and work together. From consumer application to manufacturers these technologies are used in different sectors providing huge benefits through several applications. In this work, we demonstrate the potentials of Augmented Reality techniques in a Smart City (Smart Campus) context. A multiplatform mobile app featuring Augmented Reality capabilities connected to GIS services are developed to evaluate different features such as performance, usability, effectiveness and satisfaction of the Augmented Reality technology in the context of a Smart Campus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7120478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]],"date-time":"2018-12-14T12:11:08Z","timestamp":1544789468000},"page":"478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["New Trends in Using Augmented Reality Apps for Smart City Contexts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5056-2616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pravesh","family":"Yagol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s\/n, 12071 Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2540-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s\/n, 12071 Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9304-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Trilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s\/n, 12071 Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Torres-Sospedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s\/n, 12071 Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Perales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MPOT.2016.2566099","article-title":"Smart Cities\u2014A Road Map for Development","volume":"37","author":"Musa","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Potentials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degbelo, A., Granell, C., Trilles, S., Bhattacharya, D., Casteleyn, S., and Kray, C. (2016). Opening up smart cities: Citizen-Centric challenges and opportunities from GIScience. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5020016"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-012-0084-9","article-title":"A smart city initiative: The case of Barcelona","volume":"4","author":"Almirall","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Roche, S., Nabian, N., Kloeckl, K., and Ratti, C. (2012, January 14\u201317). Are \u2018smart cities\u2019 smart enough. Proceedings of the Global Geospatial Conference, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2546307","article-title":"Virtual Reality Smart City Based on WebVRGIS","volume":"3","author":"Lv","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Monaghan, D., O\u2019Sullivan, J., O\u2019Connor, N.E., Kelly, B., Kazmierczak, O., and Comer, L. (December, January 28). Low-cost creation of a 3D interactive museum exhibition. Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia, Scottsdale, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caudell, T.P., and Mizell, D.W. (1992, January 7\u201310). Augmented reality: An application of heads-up display technology to manual manufacturing processes. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.1992.183317"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1321","article-title":"A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays","volume":"77","author":"Milgram","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alem, L., Tecchia, F., and Huang, W. (2011). HandsOnVideo: Towards a gesture based mobile AR system for remote collaboration. Recent Trends of Mobile Collaborative Augmented Reality Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9845-3"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De S\u00e1, M., Antin, J., Shamma, D., and Churchill, E.F. (2011, January 7\u201312). Mobile augmented reality: Video prototyping. Proceedings of the ACM CHI\u201911 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1979742.1979927"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Apple (2018). The Future Is Here: iPhone X\u2014Apple, Apple."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Statt, N. (The Verge, 2017). Samsung partners with Google to bring ARCore platform to Galaxy devices, The Verge."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280802356260","article-title":"Validation of the activities of community transportation model for individuals with cognitive impairments","volume":"31","author":"Fickas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-011-0389-x","article-title":"A web-based pervasive recommendation system for mobile tourist guides","volume":"15","author":"Gavalas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2014.08.009","article-title":"Tourists responses to mobile augmented reality travel guides: The role of emotions on adoption behavior","volume":"18","author":"Kourouthanassis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perv. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"51","article-title":"A Decade of Research and Development in Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies: Review of ICDVRAT 1996\u20132006","volume":"6","author":"Cobb","year":"2007","journal-title":"IJVR"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yovcheva, Z., Buhalis, D., and Gatzidis, C. (2013). Engineering augmented tourism experiences. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2013, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36309-2_3"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herbst, I., Braun, A.K., McCall, R., and Broll, W. (2008, January 2\u20135). TimeWarp: Interactive time travel with a mobile mixed reality game. Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1145\/1409240.1409266"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355","article-title":"A survey of augmented reality","volume":"6","author":"Azuma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper. Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Janin, A.L., Mizell, D.W., and Caudell, T.P. (1993, January 18\u201322). Calibration of head-mounted displays for augmented reality applications. Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Azuma, R.T., Bailot, Y., Behringer, R., Feiner, S.K., Julier, S., and MacIntyre, B. (2018, December 13). Recent Advances in Augmented Reality. Available online: www.cs.unc.edu\/~azuma\/cga2001.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"66","article-title":"3D GIS: Current status and perspectives","volume":"34","author":"Zlatanova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Burdea Grigore, C., and Coiffet, P. (1994). Virtual Reality Technology, Wiley-Interscience."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1145\/91394.91409","article-title":"Reality built for two: A virtual reality tool","volume":"24","author":"Blanchard","year":"1990","journal-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Silva, R., Oliveira, J.C., and Giraldi, G.A. (2003). Introduction to Augmented Reality, National Laboratory for Scientific Computation, Av. Getulio Vargas."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freina, L., and Ott, M. (2015, January 11\u201312). A Literature Review on Immersive Virtual Reality in Education: State of the Art and Perspectives. Proceedings of the eLearning & Software for Education, Bucharest, Romania.","DOI":"10.12753\/2066-026X-15-020"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1971.8405","article-title":"An introduction to the principles and applications of holography","volume":"59","author":"Goodman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Zlatanova, S. (2002). Augmented Reality Technology, GISt. GISt Report No. 17."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonetti, F., Warnaby, G., and Quinn, L. (2018). Augmented reality and virtual reality in physical and online retailing: A review, synthesis and research agenda. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64027-3_9"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.65.4.0545","article-title":"A frameless stereotaxic integration of computerized tomographic imaging and the operating microscope","volume":"65","author":"Roberts","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.D., Lee, H.C., Hsieh, C.H., Wu, C.T., and Lee, S.T. (2015, January 5\u20138). A Projection-based Medical Augmented Reality System. Proceedings of the 8th ACM International Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/2801040.2801065"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung, C.L., Wedlake, C., Moore, J., Pautler, S.E., and Peters, T.M. (2010). Fused video and ultrasound images for minimally invasive partial nephrectomy: A phantom study. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Proceedings of the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Beijing, China, 20\u201324 September 2010, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15711-0_51"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tano, S., Suzuki, K., Miki, K., Watanabe, N., Iwata, M., Hashiyama, T., Ichino, J., and Nakayama, K. (2012, January 5\u20137). Simple augmented reality system for 3D ultrasonic image by see-through HMD and single camera and marker combination. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/BHI.2012.6211617"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Hjorth, L.S., Eichler, B.A., Khan, A.S., and Morello, J.A. (1999). Technology and Society: A Bridge to the 21st Century, Prentice-Hall, Inc."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hicks, J.D., Flanagan, R.A., Petrov, P.V., and Stoyen, A.D. (2002, January 5\u20136). Eyekon: Augmented reality for battlefield soldiers. Proceedings of the 27th Annual NASA Goddard\/IEEE Software Engineering Workshop, Greenbelt, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, D., Jin, J.S., Luo, S., Lai, W., and Huang, Q. (2009). A useful visualization technique: A literature review for augmented reality and its application, limitation & future direction. Visual Information Communication, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0312-9_21"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"62240O","article-title":"Advanced helmet mounted display (AHMD) for simulator applications","volume":"Volume 6224","author":"Sisodia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Helmet-and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications. International Society for Optics and Photonics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Champney, R., Salcedo, J.N., Lackey, S.J., Serge, S., and Sinagra, M. (2016). Mixed reality training of military tasks: Comparison of two approaches through reactions from subject matter experts. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Proceedings of the International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality, Toronto, ON, Canada, 17\u201322 July 2016, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39907-2_35"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlahakis, V., Karigiannis, J., Tsotros, M., Gounaris, M., Almeida, L., Stricker, D., Gleue, T., Christou, I.T., Carlucci, R., and Ioannidis, N. (2001, January 28\u201330). Archeoguide: First results of an augmented reality, mobile computing system in cultural heritage sites. Proceedings of the Virtual Reality, Archeology, and Cultural Heritage, Glyfada, Greece.","DOI":"10.1145\/584993.585015"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, D., Nam, T.J., and Shi, C.K. (2006, January 22\u201327). Designing an immersive tour experience system for cultural tour sites. Proceedings of the CHI\u201906 ACM Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1125451.1125675"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Cinotti, T.S., Nagaraj, R., Mincolelli, G., Raffa, G., Roffia, L., and Sforza, F. (November, January 31). WHYRE: A context-aware wearable computer for museums and archaeological sites. Proceedings of the ISWC 2004 IEEE Eighth International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Arlington, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D.H., and Park, J. (2007, January 10\u201312). Augmented reality based museum guidance system for selective viewings. Proceedings of the IEEE Second Workshop on Digital Media and its Application in Museum & Heritages, Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/DMAMH.2007.57"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoellner, M., Keil, J., Drevensek, T., and Wuest, H. (2009, January 9\u201312). Cultural heritage layers: Integrating historic media in augmented reality. Proceedings of the VSMM\u201909 15th IEEE International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/VSMM.2009.35"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5772\/51644","article-title":"Enhancing the tourism experience through mobile augmented reality: Challenges and prospects","volume":"4","author":"Kounavis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renda, G., Gigli, S., Amato, A., Venticinque, S., Di Martino, B., and Cappa, F.R. (2012). Mobile devices for the visit of \u201canfiteatro campano\u201d in santa maria capua vetere. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Proceedings of the Euro-Mediterranean Conference, Limassol, Cyprus, 29 October\u20133 November 2012, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34234-9_28"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawazoe, Y., and Hemmi, K. (2014, January 8\u201310). Mobile Sightseeing and Navigation System with Photograph Superimposition Function: On Return Route Search Methods. Proceedings of the ACM 12th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1145\/2684103.2684118"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"375","article-title":"An Interactive Mobile Augmented Reality for Tourism Objects at Purbalingga District","volume":"1","author":"Tahyudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030003","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4980928","article-title":"Mobile augmented reality applications for heritage preservation in UNESCO world heritage sites through adopting the UTAUT model","volume":"Volume 1830","author":"Shang","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Turunen, T., Lankila, T., Pyssysalo, T., and Roning, J. (2000, January 19). Realization of mobile augmented reality based personal navigation services in 3rd generation cellular networks. Proceedings of the IEEE\/AFCEA EUROCOMM 2000 Information Systems for Enhanced Public Safety and Security, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narzt, W., Pomberger, G., Ferscha, A., Kolb, D., Reiner, M., Wieghardt, J., Horst, H., and Lindinger, C. (2003, January 9\u201310). Pervasive information acquisition for mobile AR-navigation systems. Proceedings of the 2003 Fifth IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSA.2003.1240763"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Hu, Z., and Uchimura, K. (2002, January 3\u20134). Dynamical road modeling and matching for direct visual navigation. Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV 2002), Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Nakatsura, T., Yokokohji, Y., Eto, D., and Yoshikawa, T. (2003, January 10). Image overlay on optical see-through displays for vehicle navigation. Proceedings of the Second IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Levy, M., Dascalu, S.M., and Harris, F.C. (2005, January 16\u201318). ARS VEHO: Augmented Reality System for VEHicle Operation. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computers and Their Applications CATA 2005, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.E94.D.1051","article-title":"Effects on productivity and safety of map and augmented reality navigation paradigms","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.02.023","article-title":"Using ubiquitous games in an English listening and speaking course: Impact on learning outcomes and motivation","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.07.003","article-title":"Hands-on experiences of undergraduate students in Automatics and Robotics using a virtual and remote laboratory","volume":"57","author":"Jara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.03.002","article-title":"Impact of an augmented reality system on students\u2019 motivation for a visual art course","volume":"68","author":"Kloos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.02.017","article-title":"A psychological perspective on augmented reality in the mathematics classroom","volume":"68","author":"Bujak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.09.022","article-title":"Development and behavioral pattern analysis of a mobile guide system with augmented reality for painting appreciation instruction in an art museum","volume":"71","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azuma, R., Baillot, Y., Behringer, R., Feiner, S., Julier, S., and MacIntyre, B. (2001). Recent Advances in Augmented Reality, Technical Report; Naval Research Lab.","DOI":"10.1109\/38.963459"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.10.019","article-title":"ARSC: Augmented reality student card an augmented reality solution for the education field","volume":"56","author":"Sayed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.03.001","article-title":"Interactive augmented reality system for enhancing library instruction in elementary schools","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.09.004","article-title":"Experimenting with electromagnetism using augmented reality: Impact on flow student experience and educational effectiveness","volume":"71","author":"Kloos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-013-0747-y","article-title":"Augmented reality in education: A meta-review and cross-media analysis","volume":"18","author":"Radu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Leebmann, J. (2004, January 12\u201323). An augmented reality system for earthquake disaster response. Proceedings of the XXth ISPRS Congress, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.08.358","article-title":"Smart augmented fields for emergency operations","volume":"63","author":"Brunetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2955-0","article-title":"Training emergency responders through augmented reality mobile interfaces","volume":"75","author":"Sebillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Chen, H., Wang, J., and Zhang, R. (2016). Augmented Reality Game Development and Experience Based on Intelligent Mobile Phone. Transactions on Edutainment XII, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-50544-1_3"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Fistola, R., and La Roca, R.A. (2013, January 9\u201312). Smart city planning: A systemic approach. Proceedings of the 6th Knowledge Cities World Summit, KCWS 2013, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2015.1049541","article-title":"Enhancing integrated indoor\/outdoor mobility in a smart campus","volume":"29","author":"Avariento","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, J.W.P., Azarmi, N., Leida, M., Saffre, F., Afzal, A., and Yoo, P.D. (2010, January 19\u201321). The Intelligent Campus (iCampus): End-to-End Learning Lifecycle of a Knowledge Ecosystem. Proceedings of the 2010 Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Environments, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IE.2010.68"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Owoc, M., and Marciniak, K. (2013, January 8\u201311). Knowledge management as foundation of smart university. Proceedings of the 2013 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, Krak\u00f3w, Poland."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvlc.2014.09.007","article-title":"Smarter universities: A vision for the fast changing digital era","volume":"25","author":"Coccoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vis. Lang. Comput."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N., and Meijers, E. (2007). Smart Cities: Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities, Vienna University of Technology. Available online: http:\/\/www.smart-cities.eu\/download\/smart_cities_final_report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.5172\/impp.453.10.2-3.257","article-title":"Digital natives, dropouts and refugees: Educational challenges for innovative cities","volume":"10","author":"McCarthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/17535069.2010.524420","article-title":"The role of rankings in growing city competition","volume":"3","author":"Giffinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urban Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, T., and Pardo, T.A. (2011, January 26\u201328). Smart City As Urban Innovation: Focusing on Management, Policy, and Context. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, Tallinn, Estonia.","DOI":"10.1145\/2072069.2072100"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Lazar, J., Feng, J.H., and Hochheiser, H. (2010). Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dillman, D.A., Smyth, J.D., and Christian, L.M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method, Wiley Publishing. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394260645"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/12\/478\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:34:04Z","timestamp":1760196844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/7\/12\/478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi7120478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi7120478","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]]}}}