{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:25:28Z","timestamp":1770744328448,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,29]],"date-time":"2018-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studying the impact of social events is important for the sustainable development of society. Given the growing popularity of social media applications, social sensing networks with users acting as smart social sensors provide a unique channel for understanding social events. Current research on social events through geo-tagged social media is mainly focused on the extraction of information about when, where, and what happened, i.e., event detection. There is a trend towards the machine learning of more complex events from even larger input data. This research work will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of big geo-data. In this study, however, we start from known or detected events, raising further questions on how they happened, how they affect people\u2019s lives, and for how long. By combining machine learning, natural language processing, and visualization methods in a generic analytical framework, we attempt to interpret the impact of known social events from the dimensions of time, space, and semantics based on geo-tagged social media data. The whole analysis process consists of four parts: (1) preprocessing; (2) extraction of event-related information; (3) analysis of event impact; and (4) visualization. We conducted a case study on the \u201c2014 Shanghai Stampede\u201d event on the basis of Chinese Sina Weibo data. The results are visualized in various ways, thus ensuring the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed framework. Both the methods and the case study can serve as decision references for situational awareness and city management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]],"date-time":"2018-12-31T07:22:30Z","timestamp":1546240950000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Geo-Tagged Social Media Data-Based Analytical Approach for Perceiving Impacts of Social Events"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4552-8223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruoxin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Cartography, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4621-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Cartography, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7923-283X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Jendryke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Cartography, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Linfang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Cartography, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"KRDB Research Centre, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Liqiu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Cartography, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Getz, D., and Page, S.J. (2016). Event Studies: Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events, Routledge. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2015.1018773","article-title":"Social sensing: A new approach to understanding our socioeconomic environments","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Shi, Z.Z. (2012). Intelligence Science, World Scientific Publishing Company. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Valkanas, G., and Gunopulos, D. (November, January 27). How the live web feels about events. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, R., Solis, C., Salehie, M., Omoronyia, I., Nuseibeh, B., and Maalej, W. (2011, January 5\u20139). Social sensing: When users become monitors. Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGSOFT symposium and the 13th European Conference on Foundations of Software Engineering, Szeged, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1145\/2025113.2025196"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/14775080601155167","article-title":"The perceived social impacts of the 2006 Football World Cup on Munich residents","volume":"11","author":"Ohmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sport Tour."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3727\/152599501108751524","article-title":"Variations in residents\u2019 reactions to major motorsport events: Why residents perceive the impacts of events differently","volume":"7","author":"Fredline","year":"2001","journal-title":"Event Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3727\/152599501108751515","article-title":"Residents\u2019 reactions to the staging of major motorsport events within their communities: A cluster analysis","volume":"7","author":"Fredline","year":"2001","journal-title":"Event Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel, P.M. (2017). Do Football Victories Affect Social Unrest? Evidence from Africa. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1080\/00036840701721406","article-title":"Scoring on the stock exchange? The effect of football matches on stock market returns: An event study","volume":"41","author":"Scholtens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-02-2017-0018","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of mega-sporting events on hotel pricing strategies: The case of the 2014 FIFA World Cup","volume":"72","author":"Barreda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tour. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12804","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007420107","article-title":"Irrelevant events affect voters\u2019 evaluations of government performance","volume":"107","author":"Healy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2018, February 20). Crude Oil Market and Geopolitical Events: An Analysis Based on Information-Theory-Based Quantifiers. Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1704.04442."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2017, November 20). America Rebounds: A National Study of Public Response to the September 11th Terrorist Attacks. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.458.6605&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-016-0370-3","article-title":"Terrorism\u2019s effects on social capital in European countries","volume":"169","author":"Arvanitidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Choice"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2015.11.004","article-title":"Assessing tourists\u2019 cognitive, emotional and behavioural reactions to an unethical destination incident","volume":"54","author":"Breitsohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3846\/16111699.2012.701229","article-title":"Post-event visits as the sources of marketing strategy sustainability: A conceptual model approach","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bus. Econ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calabrese, F., Pereira, F.C., Di Lorenzo, G., Liu, L., and Ratti, C. (2010, January 17\u201320). The geography of taste: Analyzing cell-phone mobility and social events. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pervasive Computing, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12654-3_2"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ratkiewicz, J., Conover, M., Meiss, M.R., Gon\u00e7alves, B., Flammini, A., and Menczer, F. (2011, January 17\u201321). Detecting and tracking political abuse in social media. Proceedings of the International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2012.06.005","article-title":"Opinion mining in social media: Modeling, simulating, and forecasting political opinions in the web","volume":"29","author":"Sobkowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldthorpe, J.H. (2000). On Sociology: Numbers, Narratives, and the Integration of Research and Theory, Oxford University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198295716.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038507080443","article-title":"The coming crisis of empirical sociology","volume":"41","author":"Savage","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mobasheri, A., Sun, Y., Loos, L., and Ali, A.L. (2017). Are Crowdsourced datasets suitable for specialized routing services? Case study of OpenStreetMap for routing of people with limited mobility. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9060997"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/17538941003759255","article-title":"Crowdsourcing geographic information for disaster response: A research frontier","volume":"3","author":"Goodchild","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2012.01359.x","article-title":"# Earthquake: Twitter as a distributed sensor system","volume":"17","author":"Crooks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krumm, J., and Horvitz, E. (2015, January 3\u20136). Eyewitness: Identifying local events via space-time signals in twitter feeds. Proceedings of the 23rd SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2820783.2820801"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugitani, T., Shirakawa, M., Hara, T., and Nishio, S. (2013, January 25\u201328). Detecting local events by analyzing spatiotemporal locality of tweets. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2013.246"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2014.2313872","article-title":"Btm: Topic modeling over short texts","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Liu, L., Lei, D., Yuan, Q., Zhuang, H., Hanratty, T., and Han, J. (2017, January 13\u201317). Triovecevent: Embedding-based online local event detection in geo-tagged tweet streams. Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Halifax, NS, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/3097983.3098027"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., and Xu, C. (2017). Tracing the spatial-temporal evolution of events based on social media data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6030088"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murzintcev, N., and Cheng, C. (2017). Disaster Hashtags in Social Media. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6070204"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Eckle, M., Kuo, C.L., Herfort, B., Fan, H., and Zipf, A. (2017). Monitoring and assessing post-disaster tourism recovery using geotagged social media data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6050144"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakaji, Y., and Yanai, K. (2012, January 9\u201313). Visualization of real-world events with geotagged tweet photos. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMEW.2012.53"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2017.1406943","article-title":"Mapping spatiotemporal patterns of events using social media: A case study of influenza trends","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1992.10475879","article-title":"An introduction to kernel and nearest-neighbor nonparametric regression","volume":"46","author":"Altman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., MacEachren, A.M., Mitra, P., and Onorati, T. (2018). Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7020065"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Y., and Sester, M. (2018). Extraction of pluvial flood relevant volunteered geographic information (VGI) by deep learning from user generated texts and photos. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7020039"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2013.30","article-title":"New avenues in opinion mining and sentiment analysis","volume":"28","author":"Cambria","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Dong, Z., Dong, Q., and Hao, C. (2010, January 23\u201327). Hownet and its computation of meaning. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"50","article-title":"Research of sentiment analysis for Chinese micro-blog topic","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fuyang Norm. Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wen, Z. (2003). A Study on Negation in Modern Chinese. [Ph.D. Thesis, Fudan University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1370","article-title":"Method of discriminant for Chinese sentence sentiment orientation based on HowNet","volume":"27","author":"Dang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Res. Comput."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"180","article-title":"Constructing the affective lexicon ontology","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. China Soc. Sci. Tech. Inf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1145\/2133806.2133826","article-title":"Probabilistic topic models","volume":"55","author":"Blei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Hofmann, T. (August, January 30). Probabilistic latent semantic analysis. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"Blei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307752101","article-title":"Finding scientific topics","volume":"101","author":"Griffiths","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2017, November 15). Parameter Estimation for Text Analysis. Available online: http:\/\/www.arbylon.net\/publications\/text-est.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"R\u00f6der, M., Both, A., and Hinneburg, A. (February, January 31). Exploring the space of topic coherence measures. Proceedings of the Eighth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Newman, D., Lau, J.H., Grieser, K., and Baldwin, T. (2010, January 1\u20136). Automatic evaluation of topic coherence. Proceedings of the Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1109\/TBDATA.2016.2586447","article-title":"Visual analytics in urban computing: An overview","volume":"2","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Big Data"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"273","article-title":"A Survey of Text Visualization","volume":"25","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comput. Aided Des. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2017, November 04). Investigation Report of 2014 Shanghai Stampede Event, Available online: http:\/\/www.shjcw.gov.cn\/2015jjw\/n2230\/n2237\/u1ai51007.html."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12266","article-title":"Big location-based social media messages from China\u2019s Sina Weibo network: Collection, storage, visualization, and potential ways of analysis","volume":"21","author":"Jendryke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joachims, T. (2002). Learning to Classify Text Using Support Vector Machines, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0907-3"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2017, November 02). How Spatial Aggregation Works. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/CartoDB\/torque\/wiki\/How-spatial-aggregation-works."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/1\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:36:39Z","timestamp":1760196999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/1\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,29]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi8010015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi8010015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,29]]}}}