{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T23:36:19Z","timestamp":1784072179913,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Buffer and overlay analysis are fundamental operations which are widely used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for resource allocation, land planning, and other relevant fields. Real-time buffer and overlay analysis for large-scale spatial data remains a challenging problem because the computational scales of conventional data-oriented methods expand rapidly with data volumes. In this paper, we present HiBO, a visualization-oriented buffer-overlay analysis model which is less sensitive to data volumes. In HiBO, the core task is to determine the value of pixels for display. Therefore, we introduce an efficient spatial-index-based buffer generation method and an effective set-transformation-based overlay optimization method. Moreover, we propose a fully optimized hybrid-parallel processing architecture to ensure the real-time capability of HiBO. Experiments on real-world datasets show that our approach is capable of handling ten-million-scale spatial data in real time. An online demonstration of HiBO is provided (http:\/\/www.higis.org.cn:8080\/hibo).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T04:10:16Z","timestamp":1547179816000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Interactive and Online Buffer-Overlay Analytics of Large-Scale Spatial Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7510-5638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2665-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sommer, S., and Wade, T. 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