{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:57:33Z","timestamp":1782323853444,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]],"date-time":"2019-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An urban, commercial central district is often regarded as the heart of a city. Therefore, quantitative research on commercial central districts plays an important role when studying the development and evaluation of urban spatial layouts. However, conventional planar kernel density estimation (KDE) and network kernel density estimation (network KDE) do not reflect the fact that the road network density is high in urban, commercial central districts. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new method (commercial-intersection KDE), which combines road intersections with KDE to identify commercial central districts based on point of interest (POI) data. First, we extracted commercial POIs from Amap (a Chinese commercial, navigation electronic map) based on existing classification standards for urban development land. Second, we calculated the commercial kernel density in the road intersection neighborhoods and used those values as parameters to build a commercial intersection density surface. Finally, we used the three standard deviations method and the commercial center area indicator to differentiate commercial central districts from areas with only commercial intersection density. Testing the method using Nanjing City as a case study, we show that our new method can identify seven municipal, commercial central districts and 26 nonmunicipal, commercial central districts. Furthermore, we compare the results of the traditional planar KDE with those of our commercial-intersection KDE to demonstrate our method\u2019s higher accuracy and practicability for identifying urban commercial central districts and evaluating urban planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8020093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]],"date-time":"2019-02-17T22:11:50Z","timestamp":1550441510000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Delimitating Urban Commercial Central Districts by Combining Kernel Density Estimation and Road Intersections: A Case Study in Nanjing City, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1745-3319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lishui City Geographic Information Center, Lishui 323000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Urbanization in China in the 1990s: New definition, different series, and revised trends","volume":"3","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"China Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.A0920317","article-title":"Effectiveness of urban construction boundaries in Beijing: An assessment","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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