{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T16:08:03Z","timestamp":1778602083056,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZYGX2016J148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYGX2016J148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression (pit or sink) filling is a key preprocessing step for the automatic hydrologic analysis of surface topography. The Planchon and Darboux (P&amp;D) algorithm is a widely used depression filling algorithm. In this study, we propose an improved variant over the fastest sequential variant of the P&amp;D algorithm for depression filling. Our variant introduces two important improvements compared with the fastest variant of the P&amp;D algorithm, and greatly reduces redundant computation, as well as requires less memory space. Our algorithm can be easily integrated into many of the existing hydrologic analysis software packages. Moreover, our algorithm shares the same versatility as the P&amp;D algorithm. Depressions can be replaced with surfaces either strictly horizontal, or slightly sloping. In the latter case, it is easier to calculate the flow direction matrix.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8040164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T03:21:26Z","timestamp":1554175286000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Variant of the Planchon and Darboux Algorithm for Filling Depressions in Raster Digital Elevation Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hongqiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Information Geoscience, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Information Geoscience, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810500433453","article-title":"An efficient method for identifying and filling surface depressions in digital elevation models for hydrologic analysis and modelling","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-009-0228-y","article-title":"A new treatment of depression for drainage network extraction based on DEM","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.03.051","article-title":"Height above the nearest drainage\u2013a hydrologically relevant new terrain model","volume":"404","author":"Nobre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9719","article-title":"Landform-oriented flow-routing algorithm for the dual-structure loess terrain based on digital elevation models","volume":"28","author":"Xiong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810601073240","article-title":"An adaptive approach to selecting a flow-partition exponent for a multiple-flow-direction algorithm","volume":"21","author":"Qin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, N., Shao, J., and Chu, X. (2017). An automated processing algorithm for flat areas resulting from DEM filling and interpolation. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6110376"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Parallel identification and filling of depressions in raster digital elevation models","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1593","article-title":"Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation Data for geographic system analysis","volume":"54","author":"Jenson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Planchon, O., and Darboux, F. (2002). A fast, simple and versatile algorithm to fill the depressions of digital elevation models. CATENA, 46.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(01)00164-3"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.04.024","article-title":"Priority-Flood: An Optimal Depression-Filling and Watershed-Labeling Algorithm for Digital Elevation Models","volume":"62","author":"Barnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.02.028","article-title":"An efficient and comprehensive method for drainage network extraction from DEM with billions of pixels using a size-balanced binary search tree","volume":"238","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.02.021","article-title":"An efficient variant of the Priority-Flood algorithm for filling depressions in raster digital elevation models","volume":"90","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, H., Zhou, G., and Fu, S. (2018). Efficient Priority-Flood depression filling in raster digital elevation models. Int. J. Digit. Earth, 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2018.1429503"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-495-2013","article-title":"An effective depression filling algorithm for DEM-based 2-D surface flow modelling","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199805)12:6<857::AID-HYP659>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"A phenomenon-based approach to upslope contributing area and depressions in DEMs","volume":"12","author":"Rieger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1029\/2004WR003060","article-title":"Optimal removal of spurious pits in grid digital elevation models","volume":"40","author":"Soille","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10648","article-title":"Efficient hybrid breaching-filling sink removal methods for flow path enforcement in digital elevation models","volume":"30","author":"Lindsay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2005.09.001","article-title":"An efficient depression processing algorithm for hydrologic analysis","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4451","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-4451-2016","article-title":"A computationally efficient depression-filling algorithm for digital elevation models, applied to proglacial lake drainage","volume":"9","author":"Berends","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model. Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Wallis, C., Wallace, D., Tarboton, D.G., and Schreuders, K. (2009, January 13\u201317). Hydrologic terrain processing using parallel computing. Proceedings of the 18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM09 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand and International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, Cairns, Australia."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Tarboton, D.G. (2019, January 31). Terrain Analysis Using Digital Elevation Models (TauDEM). Available online: http:\/\/hydrology.usu.edu\/taudem\/taudem5\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2008.09.002","article-title":"Extraction of drainage networks from large terrain datasets using high throughput computing","volume":"35","author":"Gong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.02.022","article-title":"Parallelizing flow-accumulation calculations on graphics processing units\u2014From iterative DEM preprocessing algorithm to recursive multiple-flow-direction algorithm","volume":"43","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.05.014","article-title":"A virtual tile approach to raster-based calculations of large digital elevation models in a shared-memory system","volume":"82","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.07.001","article-title":"Parallel Priority-Flood depression filling for trillion cell digital elevation models on desktops or clusters","volume":"96","author":"Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2010.06.008","article-title":"TecDEM: A MATLAB based toolbox for tectonic geomorphology, Part 1: Drainage network preprocessing and stream profile analysis","volume":"37","author":"Shahzad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2011.07.018","article-title":"Extraction of hydrological proximity measures from DEMs using parallel processing","volume":"26","author":"Tesfa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/4\/164\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:42:11Z","timestamp":1760186531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/4\/164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi8040164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi8040164","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}}}