{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:56:07Z","timestamp":1791986167760,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study investigates land use\/cover classification and change detection of urban areas from very high resolution (VHR) remote sensing images using deep learning-based methods. Firstly, we introduce a fully Atrous convolutional neural network (FACNN) to learn the land cover classification. In the FACNN an encoder, consisting of full Atrous convolution layers, is proposed for extracting scale robust features from VHR images. Then, a pixel-based change map is produced based on the classification map of current images and an outdated land cover geographical information system (GIS) map. Both polygon-based and object-based change detection accuracy is investigated, where a polygon is the unit of the GIS map and an object consists of those adjacent changed pixels on the pixel-based change map. The test data covers a rapidly developing city of Wuhan (8000 km2), China, consisting of 0.5 m ground resolution aerial images acquired in 2014, and 1 m ground resolution Beijing-2 satellite images in 2017, and their land cover GIS maps. Testing results showed that our FACNN greatly exceeded several recent convolutional neural networks in land cover classification. Second, the object-based change detection could achieve much better results than a pixel-based method, and provide accurate change maps to facilitate manual urban land cover updating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8040189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T03:46:37Z","timestamp":1555040797000},"page":"189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Detecting Large-Scale Urban Land Cover Changes from Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Using CNN-Based Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-1481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunping","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geoscience, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2003.09.007","article-title":"Object-based classification of remote sensing data for change detection","volume":"58","author":"Walter","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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