{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:38:35Z","timestamp":1760240315027,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Support Project of High-level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities in the Period of 13th Five\u2013year Plan","award":["CIT&TCD201904037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIT&TCD201904037"]}]},{"name":"Humanities and Social Science on Youth Fond of the ministry of Education","award":["15YJCZH224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15YJCZH224"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M620885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M620885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Opening Fund of Capital Circulation Industry Research Base","award":["JD-YB-2017-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JD-YB-2017-010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital signage is an important medium for urban outdoor advertising. Understanding the spatial distribution characteristics and factors that influence the site of digital signage are conducive to the efficient, standardized, and sustainable development of digital signage. The outdoor commercial digital signage within the Sixth Ring Road in Beijing is taken as the research object, and social network check-ins, housing prices, traffic network centrality and the mount of commercial facilities are considered factors that influence digital signage. The spatial distribution characteristics of digital signage are studied by using point pattern analysis methods. Moreover, we use three spatial clustering algorithms to study the hierarchical spatial characteristics of digital signage and test the effectiveness of the results. In addition, the factors that influence the distribution of digital signage are analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. The results indicate that (1) the digital signage in Beijing generally presents a relatively concentrated distribution with centrality and forms an obvious gathering area and the agglomeration centers are mainly concentrated in the core parts of the central business district (CBD). (2) Digital signage is categorized into three groups, the traffic-oriented, the population-oriented, and the market-oriented. In addition, the spatial distribution of digital signage is consistent with the historical urban development of Beijing. (3) The social network check-ins with dynamic population characteristics had the highest correlation with the operation cost of digital signage. The spatial characteristics of digital signage evaluated in this study can effectively enhance the sustainable management of digital signage and provide a reference for research of the sustainable allocation of digital signage resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8050207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T11:22:35Z","timestamp":1557400955000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Analysis of Spatial Characteristics of Digital Signage in Beijing with Multi-Source Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5502-2974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangchi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-0444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conghui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyun, W., Huh, M.Y., Kim, S.H., and Park, J.Y. (2015, January 1\u20133). Standardizations and considerations on P2P-based contents distribution for digital signage service. Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communications Technology (ICACT), PyeonhChang, South Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2015.7224846"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Schaeffler, J. (2008). Digital Signage: Software, Networks, Advertising, and Displays a Primer for Understanding the Business, Focal Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2010.21","article-title":"Ubiquitous advertising: The killer application for the 21st century","volume":"10","author":"Krumm","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer, C., Dohmen, P., and Strauss, C. (2011, January 7\u20139). Interactive digital signage\u2014An innovative service and its future strategies. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Emerging Intelligent Data and Web Technologies, Tirana, Albania.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIDWT.2011.29"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2012.114","article-title":"Open display networks: A communications medium for the 21st century","volume":"45","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2012.169","article-title":"Interactive digital signage","volume":"45","author":"Want","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lee, J., Lee, J., Jung, H., Moon, S., and Yoon, K. (2013, January 27\u201330). Smart digital signage using smartphone. Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), PyeongChang, South Korea."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20295","article-title":"Various approaches to a human preference analysis in a digital signage display design","volume":"21","author":"Grobelny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Ergon. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/cb.1394","article-title":"New insights into the impact of digital signage as a retail atmospheric tool","volume":"11","author":"Dennis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Consum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1108\/08876041311330780","article-title":"Towards an approach to signage management quality (SMQ)","volume":"27","author":"Bonfanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Serv. Mark."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2014.06.013","article-title":"The effect of digital signage on shoppers\u2019 behavior: The role of the evoked experience","volume":"67","author":"Dennis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ijaz, M.F., Tao, W., Rhee, J., Kang, Y.S., and Alfian, G. (2016). Efficient digital signage-based online store layout: An experimental study. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8060511"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inoue, H., Suzuki, K., Sakata, K., and Maeda, K. (2011, January 18\u201321). Development of a digital signage system for automatic collection and distribution of its content from the existing digital contents and its field trials. Proceedings of the IEEE\/IPSJ International Symposium on Applications and the Internet, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAINT.2011.86"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Chen, Y. (2013). Optimization Design and Implementation of Multimedia Information Publishing System, Fudan University. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.S. (2012). A study of contact frequency and consumer preference for digital signage advertisement. Green and Smart Technology with Sensor Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35251-5_25"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X., Zhang, X., Fu, J., Jiang, D., Yu, C., and Jin, M. (2018). Location recommendation of digital signage based on multi-source information fusion. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10072357"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Yu, W., Ai, T., and Yang, M. (2019, May 01). Detecting \u201chot spots\u201d of facility POIs based on kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation technique. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/301557481_Detecting_hot_spots_of_facility_POIs_based_on_kernel_density_estimation_and_spatial_autocorrelation_technique."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"21","article-title":"Analysis and visualization of POI distribution density based on urban network space","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Geotech. Investig. Surv."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"107","article-title":"A kernel density estimation method for linear features in network space","volume":"46","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"193","article-title":"Contribution to the discussion of Dr. Ripley\u2019s paper","volume":"39","author":"Besag","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(98)00034-4","article-title":"Theoretical aspects of the SOM algorithm","volume":"21","author":"Cottrell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3","article-title":"Smaller coresets for k-median and k-means clustering","volume":"37","author":"Kushal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Discrete Comput. Geom."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(02)00060-2","article-title":"The global k-means clustering algorithm","volume":"36","author":"Likas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2009.08.008","article-title":"Rough-DBSCAN: A fast hybrid density based clustering method for large data sets","volume":"30","author":"Viswanath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.03.008","article-title":"A fast DBSCAN clustering algorithm by accelerating neighbor searching using Groups method","volume":"58","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"705","article-title":"\u03b3-ray DBSCAN: A clustering algorithm applied to Fermi-LAT \u03b3-ray data","volume":"549","author":"Tramacere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"100","article-title":"Algorithm as 136: A K-Means clustering algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Hartigan","year":"1979","journal-title":"R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141ukasik, S., Kowalski, P.A., and Charytanowicz, M. (2016, January 24\u201329). Clustering using flower pollination algorithm and Calinski-Harabasz index. Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2016.7744132"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"579","article-title":"Consequences of assumption violations revisited: A quantitative review of alternatives to the One-Way analysis of variance F test","volume":"66","author":"Lisa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. Educ. Res. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2008.05.001","article-title":"Kernel density estimation of traffic accidents in a network space","volume":"32","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"5","article-title":"Beijing business development outlook: Building an international business center","volume":"27","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Beijing Technol. Bus. Univ."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2015, January 26). Four key factors in billboard site selection. Available online: http:\/\/butlertill.com\/blog\/media\/offline\/four-key-factors-in-billboard-site-selection\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Aboulola, O.I. GIS spatial analysis: A new approach to site selection and decision making for small retail facilities. [Ph.D. Thesis, Claremont Graduate University]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.7708\/ijtte.2015.5(2).05","article-title":"Explaining traffic flow patterns using centrality measures","volume":"5","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Traffic Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Y., Yuan, N.J., Zhong, W., Zhang, F.Z., and Xie, X. (2015, January 2\u20136). You are where you go: Inferring demographic attributes from location check-ins. Proceedings of the 8th ACM international conference on web search and data mining, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/2684822.2685287"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4616.2007.00071.x","article-title":"The life-cycle effects of house price change","volume":"39","author":"Yao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Money Credit Bank"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Standard deviational ellipse (SDE) models for malaria surveillance, case study: Sukabumi District-Indonesia, In 2012","volume":"11","author":"Eryando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/04353684.1971.11879353","article-title":"The standard deviational ellipse; an updated tool for spatial description","volume":"53","author":"Yuill","year":"1971","journal-title":"Geografiska Annaler"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Portnov, B.A., and Zusman, M. (2014). Big Data Analysis. Encyclopedia of Business Analytics and Optimization, IGI Global Publishers."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"158","article-title":"Analysis of road network pattern and landscape fragmentation based on kernel density estimation","volume":"31","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Eco."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.2307\/2265701","article-title":"An Evaluation of the accuracy of kernel density estimators for home range analysis","volume":"77","author":"Seaman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2307\/3236356","article-title":"Spatial pattern analysis in ecology based on Ripley\u2019s K-function: Introduction and methods of edge correction","volume":"6","author":"Haase","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"696","article-title":"Spatial prediction of the mark of a location-dependent marked point process: How the use of a parametric model may improve prediction","volume":"47","author":"Mrkvicka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kybernetika"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mislove, A., Marcon, M., Gummadi, K.P., Druschel, P., and Bhattacharjee, B. (2007, January 24\u201326). Measurement and analysis of online social networks. Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1298306.1298311"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"956","article-title":"Application of spatial analysis to the research of real estate: Taking Beijing as a case","volume":"24","author":"Meng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/141589","article-title":"City Retail Structure","volume":"13","author":"Proudfoot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Jin, M., Fu, J., Hao, M., Yu, C., and Xie, X. (2018). On the risk assessment of terrorist attacks coupled with multi-source factors. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7090354"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-016-1356-2","article-title":"Measuring time accessibility and its spatial characteristics in the urban areas of Beijing","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-015-1249-9","article-title":"A spatial-temporal analysis of urban recreational business districts: A case study in Beijing, China","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/5\/207\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:49:26Z","timestamp":1760186966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/5\/207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi8050207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi8050207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]}}}