{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:15:44Z","timestamp":1772792144222,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent innovations in 3D processing and availability of geospatial data have contributed largely to more comprehensive solutions to data visualization. As various data formats are utilized to describe the data, a combination of layers from different sources allow us to represent 3D urban areas, contributing to ideas of emergency management and smart cities. This work focuses on 3D urban environment reconstruction using crowdsourced OpenStreetMap data. Once the data are extracted, the visualization pipeline draws features using coloring for added context. Moreover, by structuring the layers and entities through the addition of simulation parameters, the generated environment is made simulation ready for further use. Results show that urban areas can be properly visualized in 3D using OpenStreetMap data given data availability. The simulation-ready environment was tested using hypothetical flooding scenarios, which demonstrated that the added parameters can be utilized in environmental simulations. Furthermore, an efficient restructuring of data was implemented for viewing the city information once the data are parsed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8070298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T04:55:27Z","timestamp":1563166527000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["City Maker: Reconstruction of Cities from OpenStreetMap Data for Environmental Visualization and Simulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1588-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I. Alihan","family":"Hadimlioglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University\u2014Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4022-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott A.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University\u2014Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2010.05.001","article-title":"Generating web-based 3D City Models from OpenStreetMap: The current situation in Germany","volume":"34","author":"Over","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2018.03.032","article-title":"Flood loss estimation using 3D city models and remote sensing data","volume":"105","author":"Redweik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-3-W3-601-2015","article-title":"3D web visualization of huge CityGML models","volume":"XL-3\/W3","author":"Prandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.03.005","article-title":"Integration of BIM and GIS in sustainable built environment: A review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Mangon, N. (2019, July 14). GIS and BIM Integration Will Transform Infrastructure Design and Construction. Available online: https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/redshift\/gis-and-bim-integration\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014276309416","article-title":"3D urban models: Recent developments in the digital modelling of urban environments in three-dimensions","volume":"52","author":"Shiode","year":"2000","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-018-0046-7","article-title":"3DCityDB\u2014A 3D geodatabase solution for the management, analysis, and visualization of semantic 3D city models based on CityGML","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.04.004","article-title":"CityGML\u2014Interoperable semantic 3D city models","volume":"71","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Schulte, C., and Coors, V. (2008, January 4\u20136). Development of a CityGML ADE for dynamic 3D flood information. Proceedings of the Joint ISCRAM-CHINA and GI4DM Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Management 2008, Harbin, China."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breunig, M., Al-Doori, M., Butwilowski, E., Kuper, P.V., Benner, J., and Haefele, K.H. (2015). Multi-resolution Models: Recent Progress in Coupling 3D Geometry to Environmental Numerical Simulation. 3D Geoinformation Science: The Selected Papers of the 3D GeoInfo 2014, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12181-9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2015.1034201","article-title":"A framework for a microscale flood damage assessment and visualization for a building using BIM\u2013GIS integration","volume":"9","author":"Amirebrahimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isikdag, U., and Zlatanova, S. (2010). Interactive modelling of buildings in Google Earth: A 3D tool for Urban Planning. Developments in 3D Geo-Information Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04791-6_4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuville, R., Pouliot, J., Poux, F., and Billen, R. (2019). 3D Viewpoint Management and Navigation in Urban Planning: Application to the Exploratory Phase. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030236"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Badawi, R., Fan, X., Ren, J., and Zhang, Z. (2009, January 13\u201314). Research for 3D Visualization of Digital City based on SketchUp and GIS. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Spatial Analysis, Spatial-Temporal Data Modeling, and Data Mining, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.838558"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Abdullah, A.A.A., Mohd Noor, N., and Abdullah, A. Constructing and Modeling 3D GIS Model in City Engine for Traditional Malay City. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Future of ASEAN (ICoFA) 2017\u2013Volume 2."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agius, T., Sabri, S., and Kalantari, M. (2018). Three-Dimensional Rule-Based City Modelling to Support Urban Redevelopment Process. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7100413"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2009.07.003","article-title":"Abstract representations for interactive visualization of virtual 3D city models","volume":"33","author":"Glander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2005.00316.x","article-title":"3D Building Modelling with Digital Map, Lidar Data and Video Image Sequences","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Deng, F., Zhang, Z., and Zhang, J. (2005, January 14\u201316). Construct 3d city model by multi-sensor data. Proceedings of the ISPRS Workshop on Service and Application of Spatial Data Infrastructure, Hangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1618452.1618460","article-title":"Image-based Street-side City Modeling","volume":"28","author":"Xiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aringer, K., and Roschlaub, R. (2014). Bavarian 3D Building Model and Update Concept Based on LiDAR, Image Matching and Cadastre Information. Innovations in 3D Geo-Information Sciences, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00515-7_9"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-005-0018-2","article-title":"Complete classification of raw LIDAR data and 3D reconstruction of buildings","volume":"8","author":"Forlani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Anal. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caltagirone, L., Scheidegger, S., Svensson, L., and Wahde, M. (2017). Fast LIDAR-based road detection using fully convolutional neural networks. 2017 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2017.7995848"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Cheng, L., Chen, Y., Wu, Y., and Li, M. (2016). Building Point Detection from Vehicle-Borne LiDAR Data Based on Voxel Group and Horizontal Hollow Analysis. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050419"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-2-W4-411-2017","article-title":"Using openstreetmap data to generate building models with their inner structures for 3d maps","volume":"IV-2\/W4","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ramm, F. (2019, July 14). OpenStreetMap Data in Layered GIS Format, Version 0.6.7. Available online: https:\/\/www.geofabrik.de\/data\/geofabrik-osm-gis-standard-0.6.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arroyo Ohori, K., Biljecki, F., Kumar, K., Ledoux, H., and Stoter, J. (2018). Modeling Cities and Landscapes in 3D with CityGML, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92862-3_11"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, R., Weiler, V., Zirak, M., Dobisch, L., Coors, V., and Eicker, U. (2018, January 17\u201320). Using 3D CityGML Models for Building Simulation Applications at District Level. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE\/ITMC), Stuttgart, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICE.2018.8436355"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2012.721552","article-title":"Towards generating highly detailed 3D CityGML models from OpenStreetMap","volume":"27","author":"Goetz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.01.009","article-title":"OpenStreetMap data for alcohol research: Reliability assessment and quality indicators","volume":"50","author":"Bright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1601600209","article-title":"Calculate Travel Time and Distance with OpenStreetMap Data Using the Open Source Routing Machine (OSRM)","volume":"16","author":"Huber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Balas, V.E., Jain, L.C., and Zhao, X. (2017). The Design and Implementation of OpenStreetMap Application System Aimed at Emergency Logistics. Information Technology and Intelligent Transportation Systems, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albuquerque, J.P.d., Herfort, B., and Eckle, M. (2016). The Tasks of the Crowd: A Typology of Tasks in Geographic Information Crowdsourcing and a Case Study in Humanitarian Mapping. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100859"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2016.1151213","article-title":"Quality assessment of OpenStreetMap data using trajectory mining","volume":"19","author":"Basiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"de Medeiros, G.F.B., Holanda, M., de Ara\u00fajo, A.P.F., and Victorino, M.C. (2017, January 4\u20136). OpenStreetMap: Quality assessment of Brazil\u2019s collaborative geographic data over ten years. Proceedings of the XVIII Geoinfo, Salvador, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Eckle, M., and de Albuquerque, J.P. (2015, January 24\u201327). Quality Assessment of Remote Mapping in OpenStreetMap for Disaster Management Purposes. Proceedings of the ISCRAM 2015 Conference, Kristiansand, Norway."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gartner, G., and Huang, H. (2015). Is OSM Good Enough for Vehicle Routing? A Study Comparing Street Networks in Vienna. Progress in Location-Based Services 2014, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11879-6"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jokar Arsanjani, J., Zipf, A., Mooney, P., and Helbich, M. (2015). Quality Assessment of the Contributed Land Use Information from OpenStreetMap Versus Authoritative Datasets. OpenStreetMap in GIScience: Experiences, Research, and Applications, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14280-7"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guide for selecting Manning\u2019s roughness coefficients for natural channels and floodplains","volume":"2339","author":"Arcement","year":"1989","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Pap."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.011","article-title":"Near-global validation of the SRTM DEM using satellite radar altimetry","volume":"106","author":"Berry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolbe, T.H., Gr\u00f6ger, G., and Pl\u00fcmer, L. (2005). CityGML: Interoperable Access to 3D City Models. Geo-information for Disaster Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-27468-5_63"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadimlioglu, I.A., and King, S.A. (2019). Visualization of Flooding Using Adaptive Spatial Resolution. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8050204"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/7\/298\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:05:40Z","timestamp":1760187940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/7\/298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi8070298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi8070298","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]}}}