{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:45:20Z","timestamp":1760240720827,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China;the National Key Research and Development Program of China;the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities;the State Key Laboratory of Geo-information Engineering","award":["41501498;2017YFB0503500;300102268207;SKLGIE2017-M-4-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41501498;2017YFB0503500;300102268207;SKLGIE2017-M-4-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vector tile mapping is an important issue in web map research. At present, vector tile mapping requires the symbolization of geographic information, as supported by cartographic software, and the development of a corresponding symbolic database when web map services are provided for users. The development of PDF (portable document format) mapping makes it possible to use symbolized map data directly for web map services. This paper presents a PDF tile map model suitable for web map services, in order to provide a new solution for vector tile mapping. This paper details the construction and establishment method of the PDF tile map model and verifies that the model has the characteristics of a vector tile map and that this approach can provide web map services. In addition, this model has some other noticeable characteristics. First, the map service supported by this model does not require the support of cartographic software, and thus has low system software and hardware requirements. Second, the maps displayed in the service system can be directly used for high-quality map publishing. Third, the high popularity of the PDF format can promote the sharing of PDF tile maps and reduce the use threshold of ordinary users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8090373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T11:13:30Z","timestamp":1566904410000},"page":"373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A PDF Tile Model for Geographic Map Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5258-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6581-9872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tinghua","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1219","article-title":"The 60 Anniversary and Prospect of Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica","volume":"46","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geod. 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