{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:53:35Z","timestamp":1783997615295,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a neuro particle-based optimization of the artificial neural network (ANN) is investigated for slope stability calculation. The results are also compared to another artificial intelligence technique of a conventional ANN and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) training solutions. The database used with 504 training datasets (e.g., a range of 80%) and testing dataset consists of 126 items (e.g., 20% of the whole dataset). Moreover, variables of the ANN method (for example, nodes number for each hidden layer) and the algorithm of PSO-like swarm size and inertia weight are improved by utilizing a total of 28 (i.e., for the PSO-ANN) trial and error approaches. The key properties were fed as input, which were utilized via the analysis of OptumG2 finite element modelling (FEM), containing undrained cohesion stability of the baseline soil (Cu), angle of the original slope (\u03b2), and setback distance ratio (b\/B) where the target is selected factor of safety. The estimated data for datasets of ANN, ANFIS, and PSO-ANN models were examined based on three determined statistical indexes. Namely, root mean square error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2). After accomplishing the analysis of sensitivity, considering 72 trials and errors of the neurons number, the optimized architecture of 4 \u00d7 6 \u00d7 1 was determined to the structure of the ANN model. As an outcome, the employed methods presented excellent efficiency, but based on the ranking method, the PSO-ANN approach might have slightly better efficiency in comparison to the algorithms of ANN and ANFIS. According to statistics, for the proper structure of PSO-ANN, the indexes of R2 and RMSE values of 0.9996, and 0.0123, as well as 0.9994 and 0.0157, were calculated for the training and testing networks. Nevertheless, having the ANN model with six neurons for each hidden layer was formulized for further practical use. This study demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed neuro model of PSO-ANN in estimating the factor of safety compared to other conventional techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8090391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T03:22:36Z","timestamp":1567653756000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["The Feasibility of Three Prediction Techniques of the Artificial Neural Network, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, and Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization for Assessing the Safety Factor of Cohesive Slopes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5625-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Moayedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5161-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieu","family":"Tien Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Geographic Information System Group, Department of Business and IT, University of South-Eastern Norway, N-3800 B\u00f8 i Telemark, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5463-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesut","family":"G\u00f6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Division of Geotechnical Engineering, Firat University, 23119 El\u00e2z\u0131\u011f, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswajeet","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Choongmu-gwan, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3441-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Jaafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 64414-356, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.09.019","article-title":"Slope stability analysis based on real-time displacement measurements","volume":"131","author":"Pei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06017022","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001019","article-title":"Constrained particle swarm optimization algorithm applied to slope stability","volume":"17","author":"Jellali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. 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