{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T07:32:54Z","timestamp":1769844774785,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propagating crowdsourcing services via a wireless network can be an appropriate solution to using the potential of crowds in crisis management processes. The present study aimed to deploy crowdsourcing services properly to spatial urgent requests. Composing such atomic services can conquer sophisticated crisis management. In addition, the conducted propagated services guide people through crisis fields and allow managers to use crowd potential appropriately. The use of such services requires a suitable automated allocation method, along with a proper approach to arranging the sequence of propagating services. The solution uses a mathematical framework in the context of a GIS (Geospatial Information System) in order to construct an allocation approach. Solution elements are set out in a multi-agent environment structure, which simulate disaster field objects. Agents which are dynamically linked to objects in a crisis field, interact with each other in a competitive environment, and the results in forming crowdsourcing services are used to guide crowds in the crisis field via the crowdsourcing services. The present solution was implemented through a proper data schema in a powerful geodatabase, along with various users with specialized interfaces. Finally, a solution and crowdsourcing service was tested in the context of a GIS in the 2019 Aqala flood disaster in Iran and other complement scenarios. The allocating performance and operation of other system elements were acceptable and reduced indicators, such as rescuer fatigue and delay time. Crowdsourcing service was positioned well in the solution and provided good performance among the elements of the Geospatial Information System.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8090420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T11:01:15Z","timestamp":1568804475000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Flood Management in Aqala through an Agent-Based Solution and Crowdsourcing Services in an Enterprise Geospatial Information System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7072-5187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hooshang","family":"Eivazy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of GIS, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19697 64499, Iran"},{"name":"Department of GIS, Arak University of Technology, Arak 3818146763, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0893-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Malek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of GIS, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19697 64499, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, J., Li, J., Cheng, W., Wang, N., and Guo, L. (2019). A GIS-Based Support Vector Machine Model for Flash Flood Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping in China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8070297"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C., Zhang, T., Su, K., Gao, P., and Shen, S. (2019). Assessing the Intensity of the Population Affected by a Complex Natural Disaster Using Social Media Data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8080358"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Central Board of Secondary Education (2006). Natural Hazards and Disaster Management, Central Board of Secondary Education."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeansoulin, R. (2019). Multi-Source Geo-Information Fusion in Transition: A Summer 2019 Snapshot. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8080330"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdisas.2019.100034","article-title":"Benefits of economic assessment of cyclone early warning systems: A case study on Cyclone Evan in Samoa","volume":"2","author":"Fakhruddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Disaster Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdisas.2019.100011","article-title":"From risk to resilience: Pathways for sustainable development","volume":"2","author":"Mizutori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Disaster Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.11.001","article-title":"The power of crowdsourcing in disaster response operations","volume":"20","author":"Riccardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felice, P.D., and Iessi, M. (2019). A Citizen-Sensing-Based Digital Service for the Analysis of On-Site Post-Earthquake Messages. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8030136"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schimak, G., Havlik, D., and Jasmin, P. (2015, January 25\u201327). Crowdsourcing in Crisis and Disaster Management\u2013Challenges and Considerations. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Environmental Software Systems, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15994-2_5"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auferbauer, D., and Tellioglu, H. (2017, January 26\u201330). Centralized Crowdsourcing in Disaster Management: Findings and Implications. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference, Troyes, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/3083671.3083689"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-017-9734-6","article-title":"Crowdsourcing roles, methods and tools for data-intensive disaster management","volume":"20","author":"Poblet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T., Xie, J., Li, G., Mou, N., Li, Z., Tian, C., and Zhao, J. (2019). Social Media Big Data Mining and Spatio-Temporal Analysis on Public Emotions for Disaster Mitigation. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8010029"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taj, S., Arian, Q., Momen, I., and Zubedi, A. (2019, January 9\u201312). To apply Data Mining for Classification of Crowd sourced Software Requirements. Proceedings of the ICSIE \u201919 Proceedings of the 2019 8th International Conference on Software and Information Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1145\/3328833.3328837"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551512437638","article-title":"Towards an Integrated Crowdsourcing Definition","volume":"38","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.102","article-title":"The Fundamentals of Policy Crowdsourcing","volume":"7","author":"Taeihagh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Policy Internet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prpi\u0107, J., and Shukla, P. (2016, January 5\u20138). Crowd Science: Measurements, Models, and Methods. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2016.542"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856507084420","article-title":"Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving an Introduction and Cases","volume":"14","author":"Brabham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. New Media Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4018\/IJISCRAM.2016100102","article-title":"Crowdsourcing the Disaster Management Cycle","volume":"8","author":"Harrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Syst. Crisis Response Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, A., Mallik, N., Bandyopadhyay, S., Bit, S.D., and Basak, J. (2016, January 14\u201318). Interactive information crowdsourcing for disaster management using SMS and Twitter: A research prototype. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops (PerCom Workshops), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2016.7457101"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.09.002","article-title":"Crowdsourced social media data for disaster management: Lessons from the PetaJakarta.org project","volume":"73","author":"Ogie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murali, S., Krishnapriya, V., and Thomas, A. (2016, January 13\u201314). Crowdsourcing for disaster relief: A multi-platform model. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Distributed Computing, VLSI, Electrical Circuits and Robotics (DISCOVER), Mangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/DISCOVER.2016.7806269"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besaleva, L.I., and Weaver, A.C. (2013). Applications of Social Networks and Crowdsourcing for Disaster Management Improvement, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/SocialCom.2013.38"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2009.09.005","article-title":"HRM in project groups: The effect of project duration on team development effectiveness","volume":"28","author":"Zwikael","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2012.06.008","article-title":"Decision model for allocating human resources in information system projects","volume":"31","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2008.08.005","article-title":"A multiple criteria decision model for assigning priorities to activities in project management","volume":"27","author":"Mota","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2174\/2213275911003020081","article-title":"Recent patents using group decision support systems: A short review","volume":"3","author":"Daher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.1030","article-title":"Constraint-based human resource allocation in software projects","volume":"41","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2008.08.002","article-title":"A systematic approach for resource allocation in software projects","volume":"56","author":"Otero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Donyina, A., and Heckel, R. (October, January 27). Modelling Flexible Human Resource Allocation by Stochastic Graph. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Graph Transformation, Enschede, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/inst.12175","article-title":"Management of the design process: Human resource allocation in factories of the future","volume":"20","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insight"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Goldratt, E.M. (1997). Critical Chain, North River Press."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Sutherland, J. (2005, January 24\u201329). Future of scrum: Parallel pipelining of sprints in complex projects. Proceedings of the Agile Development Conference, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2007.10.003","article-title":"Resource allocation under uncertainty in a multi-project matrix environment: Is organizational conflict is inevitable?","volume":"26","author":"Laslo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2008.02.005","article-title":"Construction client multi-projects\u2013A complex adaptive systems perspective","volume":"27","author":"Aritua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2008.08.004","article-title":"Analyzing project management research: Perspectives from top management journals","volume":"27","author":"Kwak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.06.130","article-title":"Classification of Human- and Automated Resource Allocation Approaches in Multi-Project Management","volume":"194","author":"Ponsteen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Brown, K.L. (2003). Resource Allocation in Multi Agent System, Stanford University."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-019-00349-y","article-title":"Guest editorial for spatial agent-based models: Current practices and future trends","volume":"23","author":"Heppenstal","year":"2019","journal-title":"GeoInformatica"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"WikiPedia (2019, November 04). Smart Agent Technologies. WikiPedia. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_Agent_Technologies."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"264","article-title":"Using network segments in the visualization of urban isochrones","volume":"53","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"277","article-title":"A new begining: Progress in Human Geography","volume":"5","author":"Thrift","year":"1981","journal-title":"Time Geogr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"315","article-title":"The two vistas. Geografiska Annaler: Series","volume":"86","author":"Carlstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hecht, R., Herold, H., Behnisch, M., and Jehling, M. (2019). Mapping Long-Term Dynamics of Population and Dwellings Based on a Multi-Temporal Analysis of Urban Morphologies. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8010002"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, K., Ponomarev, A., Zerkal, O., Huang, S., and Lin, Q. (2019). Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Sochi Ski-Jump Area Using GIS and Numerical Modelling. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8030148"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albano, R., and Sole, A. (2018). Geospatial Methods and Tools for Natural Risk Management and Communications. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7120470"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Peterson, A. (2007). The Origin\u2013Destination Matrix Estimation Problem, Link\u00f6pings Universitet."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"ESRI (2018). Arctoolbox Manual, ESRI."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"St\u00e9phane, R. (2019, November 04). Modular Programming Versus Object Oriented Programming. Available online: http:\/\/petesqbsite.com\/sections\/express\/issue17\/modularversusoop.html."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Gosling, J., Joy, B., Steele, G., and Bracha, G. (2005). The Java Language Specification, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Petau, P. (2005). On the Benefits and Problmes of Object Oriented Paradigm, Helsingforce, Swedish School of Economics."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Webopedia (2019, February 06). CRM Software Customer Relationship Management Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.webopedia.com\/TERM\/C\/crm_software.html."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"43","article-title":"Integrity Maintenance in a Telecommunications Switch","volume":"17","author":"Griffin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spec. Issue Database Constraint Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Kindle (2015). ArcPy and ArcGIS Geospatial Analysis with Python, Packt."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"WikipediA (2018, November 27). Anylogic. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AnyLogic."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"SIMIO (2019, March 18). Simio Sync. Simio. Available online: https:\/\/www.simio.com\/index.php."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/9\/420\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:21:23Z","timestamp":1760188883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/9\/420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi8090420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi8090420","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]]}}}