{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:46:51Z","timestamp":1760240811578,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,20]],"date-time":"2019-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Plan","award":["2016YFB0502004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0502004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the diversification of terminal equipment and operating systems, higher requirements are placed on the rendering performance of maps. The traditional map rendering engine relies on the corresponding operating system graphics library, and there are problems such as the inability to cross the operating system, low rendering performance, and inconsistent rendering style. With the development of hardware, graphics processing unit (GPU) appears in various platforms. How to use GPU hardware to improve map rendering performance has become a critical challenge. In order to address the above problems, this study proposes a cross-platform and high-performance map rendering (Graphics Library engine, GL engine), which uses mask drawing technology and texture dictionary text rendering technology. It can be used on different hardware platforms and different operating systems based on the OpenGL graphics library. The high-performance map rendering engine maintains a consistent map rendering style on different platforms. The results of the benchmark experiments show that the performance of GL engine is 1.75 times and 1.54 times better than the general map rendering engine in the iOS system and in the Android system, respectively, and the rendering performance for vector tiles is 11.89 times and 9.52 times better than rendering in the Mapbox in the iOS system and in the Android system, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8100427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,20]],"date-time":"2019-09-20T10:48:14Z","timestamp":1568976494000},"page":"427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A High-performance Cross-platform Map Rendering Engine for Mobile Geographic Information System (GIS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Shaojie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 102600, China"},{"name":"SuperMap Software Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8651-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaohua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA 91711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SuperMap Software Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0662-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kejia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SuperMap Software Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SuperMap Software Co. 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