{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T21:39:19Z","timestamp":1774042759178,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Plan","award":["2016YFB0502004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0502004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional (3D) pipe network modeling plays an essential part in high performance-based smart city applications. Given that massive 3D pipe networks tend to be difficult to manage and to visualize, we propose in this study a hybrid framework for high-performance modeling of a 3D pipe network, including pipe network data model and high-performance modeling. The pipe network data model is devoted to three-dimensional pipe network construction based on network topology and building information models (BIMs). According to the topological relationships of the pipe point pipelines, the pipe network is decomposed into multiple pipe segment units. The high-performance modeling of 3D pipe network contains a spatial 3D model, the instantiation, adaptive rendering, and combination parallel computing. Spatial 3D model (S3M) is proposed for spatial data transmission, exchange, and visualization of massive and multi-source 3D spatial data. The combination parallel computing framework with GPU and OpenMP was developed to reduce the processing time for pipe networks. The results of the experiments showed that the hybrid framework achieves a high efficiency and the hardware resource occupation is reduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8100441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T03:14:33Z","timestamp":1570590873000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Hybrid Framework for High-Performance Modeling of Three-Dimensional Pipe Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8651-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaohua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeran","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinle","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SuperMap Software Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information System and Technology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA 91711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SuperMap Software Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SuperMap Software Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SuperMap Software Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"783","article-title":"Geocontrol and live geography: Some thoughts on the direction of gis","volume":"15","author":"Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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