{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:47:26Z","timestamp":1760240846884,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]],"date-time":"2019-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16H01830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H01830"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The history of modern maps in Japan begins with the Japan maps (called IN\u014c\u2019s maps) prepared by Tadataka In\u014d after he thoroughly surveyed the whole of Japan around 200 years ago. The purpose of this study was to investigate the precision degree of IN\u014c\u2019s Tokyo map by overlaying it with present maps and analyzing the map style (map projection, map scale, etc.). Specifically, we quantitatively examined the spatial distortion of IN\u014c\u2019s maps through comparisons with the present map using GIS (geographic information system), a spatial analysis tool. Furthermore, by examining various factors that caused the positional gap and distortion of features, we explored the actual situation of surveying in that age from a geographical viewpoint. As a result of the analysis, a particular spatial regularity was confirmed in the positional gaps with the present map. We found that IN\u014c\u2019s Tokyo map had considerably high precision. The causes of positional gaps from the present map were related not only to natural conditions, such as areas and land but also to social and cultural phenomena.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8100452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T03:54:13Z","timestamp":1571025253000},"page":"452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Geographical Analysis on the Projection and Distortion of IN\u014c\u2019s Tokyo Map in 1817"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2250-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Iwai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4397-6882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory, I.N., and Ell, P.S. (2007). Historical GIS: Technologies, Methodologies, and Scholarship, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511493645"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5638\/thagis.15.111","article-title":"Analysis of local distortions in a historical map \u201cRakuchu-Ezu\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theory Appl. GIS"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5638\/thagis.12.23","article-title":"A basic study on providing meanings to distortions in historical maps and construction of their correction models","volume":"12","author":"Kojima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theory Appl. GIS"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"89","article-title":"A study on geometric correction of historical maps","volume":"625","author":"Shimizu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. 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(In Japanese)."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/10\/452\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:25:43Z","timestamp":1760189143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/8\/10\/452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi8100452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi8100452","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]]}}}