{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:05:28Z","timestamp":1785236728738,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,13]],"date-time":"2019-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFC0803105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0803105"]}]},{"name":"the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2018M641926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018M641926"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education Science and Technology Research Projects","award":["GJJ150661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ150661"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Cellular Automata Markov model combines the cellular automata (CA) model\u2019s ability to simulate the spatial variation of complex systems and the long-term prediction of the Markov model. In this research, we designed a parallel CA-Markov model based on the MapReduce framework. The model was divided into two main parts: A parallel Markov model based on MapReduce (Cloud-Markov), and comprehensive evaluation method of land-use changes based on cellular automata and MapReduce (Cloud-CELUC). Choosing Hangzhou as the study area and using Landsat remote-sensing images from 2006 and 2013 as the experiment data, we conducted three experiments to evaluate the parallel CA-Markov model on the Hadoop environment. Efficiency evaluations were conducted to compare Cloud-Markov and Cloud-CELUC with different numbers of data. The results showed that the accelerated ratios of Cloud-Markov and Cloud-CELUC were 3.43 and 1.86, respectively, compared with their serial algorithms. The validity test of the prediction algorithm was performed using the parallel CA-Markov model to simulate land-use changes in Hangzhou in 2013 and to analyze the relationship between the simulation results and the interpretation results of the remote-sensing images. The Kappa coefficients of construction land, natural-reserve land, and agricultural land were 0.86, 0.68, and 0.66, respectively, which demonstrates the validity of the parallel model. Hangzhou land-use changes in 2020 were predicted and analyzed. The results show that the central area of construction land is rapidly increasing due to a developed transportation system and is mainly transferred from agricultural land.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8100454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T03:54:13Z","timestamp":1571025253000},"page":"454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Parallel Cellular Automata Markov Model for Land Use Change Prediction over MapReduce Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9887-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junfeng","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"School of Architectural and Surverying &amp; Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8902-1817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangrong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(01)00199-2","article-title":"Predicting land-use change","volume":"85","author":"Veldkamp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agric. 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