{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:42:10Z","timestamp":1780508530248,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In spatial science and urban applications, \u201cspace\" is presented by multiple disciplines as a notion referencing our living environment. Space is used as a general term to help understand particular characteristics of the environment. However, the definition and perception of space varies and these variations have to be harmonised. For example, space may have diverse definitions and classification, the same environment may be abstracted\/modelled by contradicting notions of space, which can lead to inconsistencies and misunderstandings. In this paper, we seek to investigate and document the state-of-the-art in the research of \u201cspace\u201d regarding its definition, classification, modelling and utilization (2D\/3D) in spatial sciences and urban applications. We focus on positioning, navigation, building micro-climate and thermal comfort, landscape, urban planning and design, urban heat island, interior design and planning, transportation and intelligent space. We review 147 research papers, technical reports and on-line resources. We compare the presented space concepts with respect to five criteria\u2014classification, boundary, modelling components, use of standards and granularity. The review inventory is intended for both scientists and professionals in the spatial industry, such as companies, national mapping agencies and governments, and aim to provide a reference to better understand and employ the \u201cspace\u201d while working across disciplines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9010058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T03:04:43Z","timestamp":1579575883000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Spaces in Spatial Science and Urban Applications\u2014State of the Art Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8766-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sisi","family":"Zlatanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GRID, UNSW Built Environment, Red Centre Building, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3140-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinjin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GRID, UNSW Built Environment, Red Centre Building, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5306-4994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Architecture, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0119-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdoulaye","family":"Diakit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GRID, UNSW Built Environment, Red Centre Building, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2660-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umit","family":"Isikdag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul 34427, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1395-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Sithole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoVariant, 332 Upper Eastside, Brickfied Road, Woodstock, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4483-5179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GRID, UNSW Built Environment, Red Centre Building, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219748","article-title":"WordNet: A lexical database for English","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Commun. 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