{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T07:15:50Z","timestamp":1763018150396,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41171310, 41501093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41171310, 41501093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["2016JM4016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016JM4016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetation phenology is highly sensitive to climate change, and the phenological responses of vegetation to climate factors vary over time and space. Research on the vegetation phenology in different climatic regimes will help clarify the key factors affecting vegetation changes. In this paper, based on a time-series reconstruction of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data using the Savitzky\u2013Golay filtering method, the phenology parameters of vegetation were extracted, and the Spatio-temporal changes from 2001 to 2016 were analyzed. Moreover, the response characteristics of the vegetation phenology to climate changes, such as changes in temperature, precipitation, and sunshine hours, were discussed. The results showed that the responses of vegetation phenology to climatic factors varied within different climatic regimes and that the Spatio-temporal responses were primarily controlled by the local climatic and topographic conditions. The following were the three key findings. (1) The start of the growing season (SOS) has a regular variation with the latitude, and that in the north is later than that in the south. (2) In arid areas in the north, the SOS is mainly affected by the temperature, and the end of the growing season (EOS) is affected by precipitation, while in humid areas in the south, the SOS is mainly affected by precipitation, and the EOS is affected by the temperature. (3) Human activities play an important role in vegetation phenology changes. These findings would help predict and evaluate the stability of different ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T03:20:03Z","timestamp":1582168803000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Vegetation Phenological Changes in Multiple Landforms and Responses to Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hongzhu","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2418-9683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjun","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]},{"given":"Gao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Space Technology-Xi\u2019an, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}]},{"given":"Jianwu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"},{"name":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03083.x","article-title":"Phenology as a tool to link ecology and sustainable decision making in a dynamic environment","volume":"184","author":"Weltzin","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"461","article-title":"Phenology and Seasonality Modeling","volume":"120","author":"Helmut","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ecol. Stud."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02397.x","article-title":"Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982\u20132008","volume":"17","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Ge, Q., and Hao, Z. (2002). Impacts of climate warming on plants phenophases in China for the last 40 years. Chin. Sci. Bull., 47.","DOI":"10.1360\/02tb9399"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14619","article-title":"Plant phenology and global climate change: Current progresses and challenges","volume":"25","author":"Piao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/382146a0","article-title":"Increased activity of northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements","volume":"382","author":"Keeling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066860","article-title":"Phenology. Responses to a warming world","volume":"294","author":"Filella","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10235-8","article-title":"No trends in spring and autumn phenology during the global warming hiatus","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2464","article-title":"Climate change in Australian tropical rainforests: An impending environmental catastrophe","volume":"270","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Boil. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-D. (2017). Global Warming Leading to Phenological Responses in the Process of Urbanization, South Korea. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9122203"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.09.012","article-title":"Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system","volume":"169","author":"Richardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01059.x","article-title":"Responses of spring phenology to climate change [Review]","volume":"162","author":"Badeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/29670","article-title":"Green-wave phenology","volume":"394","author":"Schwartz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9701","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9701","article-title":"Phenological changes reflect climate change in Wisconsin","volume":"96","author":"Bradley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/17709","article-title":"Growing season extended in Europe","volume":"397","author":"Menzel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2001.00057.x","article-title":"Tansley Review No. 123. Tree and Forest Functioning in Response to Global Warming","volume":"149","author":"Saxe","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.09.006","article-title":"The time series of flowering and leaf bud burst of boreal trees (1846\u20132005) support the direct temperature observations of climatic warming","volume":"149","author":"Linkosalo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01505.x","article-title":"Spring phenology in boreal Eurasia over a nearly century time scale","volume":"14","author":"Delbart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-008-0156-5","article-title":"Regional trends for bud burst and flowering of woody plants in Norway as related to climate change","volume":"52","author":"Nordli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-007-0126-3","article-title":"Trends in phenology of Betula pubescens across the boreal zone in Finland","volume":"52","author":"Pudas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x","article-title":"European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern","volume":"12","author":"Menzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12610","article-title":"Unexpected role of winter precipitation in determining heat requirement for spring vegetation green-up at northern middle and high latitudes","volume":"20","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.10.019","article-title":"Leaf phenology sensitivity to temperature in European trees: Do within-species populations exhibit similar responses?","volume":"149","author":"Vitasse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0068.1","article-title":"Global warming and flowering times in Thoreau\u2019s Concord: a community perspective","volume":"89","author":"Primack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"15","article-title":"First leafing dates of trees in Surrey between 1947 and 1996","volume":"76","author":"Sparks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lond. Nat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12077","article-title":"Changes in satellite-derived spring vegetation green-up date and its linkage to climate in China from 1982 to 2010: a multimethod analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"95","article-title":"Climate change 2007: the Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers","volume":"18","author":"Solomon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intergov. Panel Clim. Chang. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5176","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14414","article-title":"Influence of winter precipitation on spring phenology in boreal forests","volume":"24","author":"Yun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12863","article-title":"Increased heat requirement for leaf flushing in temperate woody species over 1980-2012: effects of chilling, precipitation and insolation","volume":"21","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01690-5","article-title":"New satellite-based estimates show significant trends in spring phenology and complex sensitivities to temperature and precipitation at northern European latitudes","volume":"63","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1086\/285600","article-title":"Light and the Phenology of Tropical Trees","volume":"143","author":"Wright","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467406003890","article-title":"Flowering and Fruiting Phenologies of Seasonal and Aseasonal Neotropical Forests: The Role of Annual Changes in Irradiance","volume":"23","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Trop. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1139\/b95-020","article-title":"Phenology of tropical forests: patterns, causes, and consequences","volume":"73","author":"Reich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1890\/070217","article-title":"Tracking the rhythm of the seasons in the face of global change: phenological research in the 21st century","volume":"7","author":"Morisette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"310","article-title":"The Progress of Phenology Studies and Challenges to Modern Phenology Research in China","volume":"25","author":"Ge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01123.x","article-title":"Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China\u2019s temperate vegetation","volume":"12","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.01.011","article-title":"Evaluating the potential of MODIS satellite data to track temporal dynamics of autumn phenology in a temperate mixed forest","volume":"160","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5446","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1339925","article-title":"Satellite monitoring of boreal forest phenology and its climatic responses in Eurasia","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2699-7","article-title":"Variations in land surface phenology and their response to climate change in Yangtze River basin during 1982-2015","volume":"137","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, S., Yi, S., Peichl, M., and Wang, X. (2018). Diverse Responses of Vegetation Phenology to Climate Change in Different Grasslands in Inner Mongolia during 2000-2016. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010017"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.09.021","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the spatio-temporal variation in the phenologies of two herbaceous species and associated climatic driving factors on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"248","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1387308","article-title":"Effect of climate change on vegetation phenology of different land-cover types on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"39","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606292104","article-title":"Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100 AD","volume":"104","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"13","article-title":"Fundamental Relief Types and Their Classification Index Used in Provincial Geographic Conditions Monitoring in Shaanxi","volume":"28","author":"Shaowei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stand. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"147","article-title":"Comparison of Three NDVI Time-series Fitting Methods based on TIMESAT\u2014Taking the Grassland in Northern Tibet as Case","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90017-Z","article-title":"Normalized difference vegetation index measurements from the advanced very high resolution radiometer","volume":"35","author":"Goward","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.03.014","article-title":"A simple method for reconstructing a high-quality NDVI time-series data set based on the Savitzky\u2013Golay filter","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00135-9","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation phenology using MODIS","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20069","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000115","article-title":"Variation in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999","volume":"106","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012490107","article-title":"Winter and spring warming result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"107","author":"Haiying","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3844\/ajessp.2009.647.652","article-title":"Monitoring growing season length of deciduous broad leaf forest derived from satellite data in Iran","volume":"5","author":"Kafaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15633","article-title":"Phenology: Spring greening in a warming world","volume":"526","author":"Keenan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02562.x","article-title":"Terrestrial biosphere models need better representation of vegetation phenology: Results from the North American Carbon Program Site Synthesis","volume":"18","author":"Richardson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11014","article-title":"Warming experiments underpredict plant phenological responses to climate change","volume":"485","author":"Wolkovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2012.02552.x","article-title":"The dynamic nature of bud dormancy in trees: environmental control and molecular mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"Cooke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.07.060156.001203","article-title":"Photoperiodism in Woody Plants","volume":"7","author":"Wareing","year":"1956","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/2\/111\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:59:04Z","timestamp":1760173144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/2\/111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9020111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9020111","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]}}}