{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T20:15:33Z","timestamp":1779912933081,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["677312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["677312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents our implementation of a harmonized data model for noise simulations in the European Union (EU). Different noise assessment methods are used by different EU member states (MS) for estimating noise at local, regional, and national scales. These methods, along with the input data extracted from the national registers and databases, as well as other open and\/or commercially available data, differ in several aspects and it is difficult to obtain comparable results across the EU. To address this issue, a common framework for noise assessment methods (CNOSSOS-EU) was developed by the European Commission\u2019s (EC) Joint Research Centre (JRC). However, apart from the software implementations for CNOSSOS, very little has been done for the practical guidelines outlining the specifications for the required input data, metadata, and the schema design to test the real-world situations with CNOSSOS. We describe our approach for modeling input and output data for noise simulations and also generate a real world dataset of an area in the Netherlands based on our data model for simulating urban noise using CNOSSOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T10:49:16Z","timestamp":1582282156000},"page":"121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Harmonized Data Model for Noise Simulation in the EU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5010-6175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavisha","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Geoinformation, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 134, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Ledoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Geoinformation, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 134, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DGMR B.V., 2511 VB Den Haag, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Verheij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DGMR B.V., 2511 VB Den Haag, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1393-7279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jantien","family":"Stoter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Geoinformation, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 134, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2057","article-title":"Traffic noise reduction in Europe","volume":"14","author":"Schroten","year":"2007","journal-title":"CE Delft"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Directive 2002\/49\/EC of the European parliament and the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise","volume":"189","author":"Directive","year":"2002","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Communities L"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(01)00038-2","article-title":"Noise mapping and GIS: Optimising quality and efficiency of noise effect studies","volume":"27","author":"Stoter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2009.11.006","article-title":"Strategic environmental noise mapping: Methodological issues concerning the implementation of the EU Environmental Noise Directive and their policy implications","volume":"36","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.10.034","article-title":"Implementation of the EU environmental noise directive: Lessons from the first phase of strategic noise mapping and action planning in Ireland","volume":"92","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.031","article-title":"Advances in the development of common noise assessment methods in Europe: The CNOSSOS-EU framework for strategic environmental noise mapping","volume":"482","author":"Kephalopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/01441640500115850","article-title":"Traffic noise in Europe: A comparison of calculation methods, noise indices and noise standards for road and railroad traffic in Europe","volume":"25","author":"Nijland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kephalopoulos, S., Paviotti, M., and Anfosso-L\u00e9d\u00e9e, F. (2012). Common Noise Assessment Methods in Europe (CNOSSOS-EU), Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"58","article-title":"Commission Directive (EU) 2015\/996 of 19 May 2015 Establishing Common Noise Assessment Methods According to Directive 2002\/49\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council","volume":"168","author":"Directive","year":"2015","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union L"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"OGC (2012). OGC\u00ae City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) Encoding Standard 2.0.0. Doc. No. 12\u2013019, OGC."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"90","article-title":"Sustainable SDI for EU noise mapping in NRW-best practice for INSPIRE","volume":"2","author":"Czerwinski","year":"2007","journal-title":"IJSDIR"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918298","article-title":"NMPB-ROUTES-2008: The revision of the French method for road traffic noise prediction","volume":"96","author":"Dutilleux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Acust. United Acust."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"De minister van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer (2012). Reken-en Meetvoorschrift Railverkeerslawaai (RMR), De minister van Volkshuisvesting."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"ECAC (1997). ECAC.CEAC Doc 29\u20142nd Edition\u2014Report on Standard Method of Computing Noise Contours around Civil Airports, ECAC."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"ISO (1996). ISO 9613-2:1996\u2014Acoustics\u2014Attenuation of Sound during Propagation Outdoors\u2014Part 2: General Method of Calculation, ISO."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2012). Electronic Noise Data Reporting Mechanism: A Handbook for Delivery of Data in Accordance with Directive 2002\/49\/EC, European Environment Agency. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Licitra, G. (2012). Noise Mapping in the EU: Models and Procedures, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12885"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101424","article-title":"Automated reconstruction of 3D input data for noise simulation","volume":"80","author":"Stoter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Vergoed, T., and van Leeuwen, H.J. (2018, January 27\u201331). Evaluation and validation of the CNOSSOS calculation method in the Netherlands. Proceedings of the EuroNoise 2018, Heraklion, Greece."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kokkonen, J., Kontkanen, O., and Maijala, P.P. (2016, January 20\u201322). CNOSSOS-EU Noise Model Implementation in Finland. Proceedings of the Baltic-Nordic Acoustic Meeting, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Kokkonen, J. (2018, January 27\u201331). CNOSSOS-EU noise model implementation in Finland and experience of it in 3rd END round. Proceedings of the Euronoise 2018, Hersonissos, Greece."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"7807","article-title":"Comparison of ISO 9613-2 and CNOSSOS-EU methods in noise modelling of a large industrial plant","volume":"259","author":"Mleczko","year":"2019","journal-title":"INTER-NOISE NOISE-CON Congr. Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"3639","article-title":"Noise Mapping of Agglomerations: A comparison of interim standards vs. new CNOSSOS method in a real case study","volume":"253","author":"Bertellino","year":"2016","journal-title":"INTER-NOISE NOISE-CON Congr. Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.919209","article-title":"sonROAD18: Swiss Implementation of the CNOSSOS-EU Road Traffic Noise Emission Model","volume":"104","author":"Heutschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Acust. United Acust."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"DGMR (2018). Geomilieu\u2014Berekenen en Analyseren van Milieubelasting, DGMR."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Geomod (2018). MithraSIG: Acoustic Simulation Software, Geomod."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"W\u00f6lfel Group (2018). IMMI: Precise and Efficient Software for Noise Prediction and Dispersion of Air Pollutants, W\u00f6lfel Group."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Br\u00fcel and Kjaer (2018). Predictor-LimA Software, Br\u00fcel and Kjaer."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"DataKustik GmbH (2017). CadnaA, DataKustik GmbH."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benocci, R., Bellucci, P., Peruzzi, L., Bisceglie, A., Angelini, F., Confalonieri, C., and Zambon, G. (2019). Dynamic noise mapping in the suburban area of Rome (Italy). Environments, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments6070079"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Shilton, S.J., Anfosso L\u00e9d\u00e9e, F., and Van Leeuwen, H. (June, January 31). Conversion of existing road source data to use CNOSSOS-EU. Proceedings of the EuroNoise 2015, Maastricht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"6245","article-title":"CNOSSOS-EU Sensitivity to Meteorological and to Some Road Initial Value Changes","volume":"253","author":"Maijala","year":"2016","journal-title":"INTER-NOISE NOISE-CON Congr. Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-018-0055-6","article-title":"CityGML Application Domain Extension (ADE): Overview of developments","volume":"3","author":"Biljecki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Czerwinski, A., Kolbe, T.H., Pl\u00fcmer, L., and St\u00f6cker-Meier, E. (2006, January 28\u201330). Interoperability and accuracy requirements for EU environmental noise mapping. Proceedings of the International Symposium InterCarto\u2013InterGIS 12, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Czerwinski, A., Kolbe, T.H., Pl\u00fcmer, L., and St\u00f6cker-Meier, E. (2006, January 6\u20138). Spatial data infrastructure techniques for flexible noise mapping strategies. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Environmental Informatics-Managing Environmental Knowledge, Graz, Austria."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-4-W5-73-2017","article-title":"Modelling urban noise in CityGML ADE: Case of the Netherlands","volume":"IV-4\/W5","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-018-0057-4","article-title":"A metadata ADE for CityGML","volume":"3","author":"Labetski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"INSPIRE TWG Buildings (2013). D2.8.III.2 INSPIRE Data Specification on Buildings\u2014Technical Guidelines, European Commission Joint Research Centre."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"ISO (2013). ISO 3095:2013\u2014Acoustics\u2014Railway Applications\u2014Measurement of Noise Emitted by Railbound Vehicles, ISO."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Rijkswaterstraat, Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu (2014). Gebruikershandleiding Geluidregister Hoofdwegennet, Rijkswaterstraat, Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"TU Delft (2019, December 22). 3D Input Data for Noise Studies (Experimental). Available online: https:\/\/3d.bk.tudelft.nl\/opendata\/noise3d\/en.html."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Forschungsgesellschaft Strasse\u2014Schiene-Verkehr (2006). 04.02.11 Larmschutz, Forschungsgesellschaft Strasse\u2014Schiene-Verkehr."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Austrian Standards (2009). ONR 305011: 2009\u2014Determination of Noise Immission Caused by Rail Traffic\u2014Railway Traffic, Shunting and Cargo Handling Operations, Austrian Standards."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Austrian Standards (2008). ONORM ISO 9613-2: 2008\u2014Acoustics\u2014Attenuation of Sound during Propagation Outdoors\u2014Part 2: General Method of Calculation, Austrian Standards."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Austrian Standards (2008). OAL Richtlinie Nr. 24 Blatt 1: 2008\u2014Noise Protection Zones in the Vicinity of Airports\u2014Planning and Calculation Bases, Austrian Standards."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"De minister van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer (2002). Reken-en Meetvoorschrift Verkeerslawaai (RMV), De minister van Volkshuisvesting."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Boeker, E.R., Dinges, E., He, B., Fleming, G., Roof, C.J., Gerbi, P.J., Rapoza, A.S., and Hermann, J. (2008). Integrated Noise Model (INM) Version 7.0 Technical Manual, United States, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Environment and Energy. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"CERTU, CSTB, LCPC, and SETRA (1997). Bruit des Infrastructures Routi\u00e8res: M\u00e9thode de Calcul Incluant les Effets M\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, Version Exp\u00e9rimentale NMPB-Routes-96, CERTU."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"ECAC (2016). ECAC.CEAC Doc 29\u20143rd Edition\u2014Report on Standard Method of Computing Noise Contours around Civil Airports, ECAC."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Jonasson, H.G., and Storeheier, S. (2001). Nord 2000. New Nordic Prediction Method for Road Traffic Noise, The Danish Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Danish Environmental Protection Agency (1993). EPA Guideline No. 5\/1993\u2014Calculation of External Noise from Enterprises, Danish Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"425","article-title":"DANSIM- Danish Airport Noise Simulation Model: Basic principles, experience, and improvements","volume":"90","author":"Plovsing","year":"1990","journal-title":"Inter-noise"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (2006). VBUS\u2014Vorl\u00e4ufige Berechnungsmethode f\u00fcr den Umgebungsl\u00e4rm an Stra\u00dfen, Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (2006). VBUSch\u2014Vorl\u00e4ufige Berechnungsmethode f\u00fcr den Umgebungsl\u00e4rm an Schienenwegen, Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (2006). VBUI\u2014Vorl\u00e4ufige Berechnungsmethode f\u00fcr den Umgebungsl\u00e4rm durch Industrie und Gewerbe, Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (2006). VBUF\u2014Vorl\u00e4ufige Berechnungsmethode f\u00fcr den Umgebungsl\u00e4rm an Flugpl\u00e4tzen, Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"KTI Rt (2000). UT 2.1-302 Road Traffic Noise Calculation, KTI Rt."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"MSZT\/MCS 302 (2019, December 15). MSZ-07-2904:1990\u2014Method of Calculation of Traffic Noise. Noise Caused by Railway Traffic. Available online: https:\/\/ugyintezes.mszt.hu\/Publications\/Details\/035647."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"MSZT\/MB 327 (2019, December 15). MSZ 15036:2002\u2014Outdoor Sound Propagation. Available online: https:\/\/ugyintezes.mszt.hu\/Publications\/Details\/120177."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"La Ministre de l\u2019Environnement Luxembourg (2018). Courrier d\u2019information de la Commission Concernant la Cartographie Strategique du Bruit des Sites d?activite Industrielle au sein de L\u2019agglomeration de la Ville de Luxembourg et Environs, La Ministre de l\u2019Environnement Luxembourg."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Minister van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer (1991). Handleiding meten en Rekenen Industrielawaai, Minister van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"SAE International (2012). AIR 1845\u2014Procedure for the Calculation of Airplane noise in the Vicinity of Airports, SAE International."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918063","article-title":"The new German prediction model for railway noise \u201cSchall 03 2006\u201d: An alternative method for the harmonised calculation method proposed in the EU directive on environmental noise","volume":"94","author":"Moehler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Acust. United Acust."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Nielsen, H.L. (1997). Road Traffic Noise: Nordic Prediction Method, The Nordic Council of Ministers."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Ringheim, M., and Nielsen, H.L. (1997). Railway Traffic Noise\u2014The Nordic Prediction Method, The Nordic Council of Ministers. Number 524."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Kragh, J., Andersen, B., and Jakobsen, J. (1982). Environmental Noise from Industrial Plants. General Prediction Method, Danish Acoustical Laboratory. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Department of Transport Welsh Office (1988). Calculation of Road Traffic Noise (CRTN), Department of Transport Welsh Office."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Department of Transport Welsh Office (1995). Calculation of Railway Noise (CRN), Department of Transport Welsh Office."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/2\/121\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:59:51Z","timestamp":1760173191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/2\/121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9020121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9020121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]}}}