{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T12:46:59Z","timestamp":1763642819372,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geodetic networks provide a spatial reference framework for the positioning of any geographical feature in a common and consistent way. An even spatial distribution of geodetic control points assures good quality for subordinate surveys in mapping, cadaster, engineering activities, and many other land administration-oriented applications. We investigate the spatial pattern of geodetic control points based on GIScience theory, especially Tobler\u2019s Laws in Geography. The study makes contributions in both the research and application fields. By utilizing Average Nearest Neighbor, multi-distance spatial cluster analysis, and cluster and outlier analysis, it introduces the comprehensive methodology for ex post analysis of geodetic control points\u2019 spatial patterns as well as the quantification of geodetic networks\u2019 uniformity to regularly dense and regularly thinned. Moreover, it serves as a methodological resource and reference for the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography, not only the maintenance, but also the further densification or modernization the geodetic network in Poland. Furthermore, the results give surveyors the ability to quickly assess the availability of geodetic points, as well as identify environmental obstacles that may hamper measurements. The results show that the base geodetic control points are evenly dispersed (one point over 50 sq. km), however they tend to cluster slightly in urbanized areas and forests (1.3 and 1.4 points per sq. km, respectively).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9030148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T13:06:23Z","timestamp":1583240783000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["GIScience Theory Based Assessment of Spatial Disparity of Geodetic Control Points Location"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3255-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Bielecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego St., 00\u2013908 Warsaw 46, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9114-5317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Pokonieczny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego St., 00\u2013908 Warsaw 46, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3183-1512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Borkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego St., 00\u2013908 Warsaw 46, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"The International GPS Service for Geodynamics: Development and start of official service on January 1, 1994","volume":"68","author":"Beutler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Geod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026390618355","article-title":"Measuring Seismic Waves Induced by Large Earthquakes with GPS","volume":"47","author":"Kouba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Studia Geophys. 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