{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T15:24:16Z","timestamp":1778426656988,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation,Ministry of Land and Resources","award":["KF-2019-04-038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2019-04-038"]}]},{"name":"Key scientific and technological projects in Henan Province","award":["172102210539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["172102210539"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The delimitation of permanent basic farmland is essentially a multi-objective optimization problem. The traditional demarcation methods cannot simultaneously take into account the requirements of cultivated land quality and the spatial layout of permanent basic farmland, and it cannot balance the relationship between agriculture and urban development. This paper proposed a multi-objective permanent basic farmland delimitation model based on an immune particle swarm optimization algorithm. The general rules for delineating the permanent basic farmland were defined in the model, and the delineation goals and constraints have been formally expressed. The model introduced the immune system concepts to complement the existing theory. This paper describes the coding and initialization methods for the algorithm, particle position and speed update mechanism, and fitness function design. We selected Xun County, Henan Province, as the research area and set up control experiments that aligned with the different targets and compared the performance of the three models of particle swarm optimization (PSO), artificial immune algorithm (AIA), and the improved AIA-PSO in solving multi-objective problems. The experiments proved the feasibility of the model. It avoided the adverse effects of subjective factors and promoted the scientific rationality of the results of permanent basic farmland delineation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9040243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T04:01:46Z","timestamp":1586923306000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Multi-Objective Permanent Basic Farmland Delineation Model Based on Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6703-6882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518034, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2016.11.009","article-title":"Strategies for risk management in urban\u2013rural conflict: Two case studies of land acquisition in urbanising China","volume":"59","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piana, P., Faccini, F., Luino, F., and Piliaga, G. 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