{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T07:27:33Z","timestamp":1774682853994,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018QNB06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018QNB06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Volcanic activity remains highly detrimental to populations, property and activities in the range of its products. In order to reduce the impact of volcanic processes and products, it is critically important to conduct comprehensive volcanic risk assessments on volcanically active areas. This study tests a volcanic risk assessment methodology based on numerical simulations of volcanic hazards and quantitative analysis of social vulnerability in the Spanish island of Tenerife, a well-known tourist destination. We first simulated the most likely volcanic hazards in the two eruptive scenarios using the Volcanic Risk Information System (VORIS) tool and then evaluated the vulnerability using a total of 19 socio-economic indicators within the Vulnerability Scoping Diagram (VSD) framework by combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the entropy method. Our results show good agreement with previous assessments. In two eruptive scenarios, the north and northwest of the island were more exposed to volcanic hazards, and the east registered the highest vulnerability. Overall, the northern municipalities showed the highest volcanic risk in two scenarios. Our test indicates that disaster risk varies greatly across the island, and that risk reduction strategies should be prioritized on the north areas. While refinements to the model will produce more accurate results, the outputs will still be beneficial to the local authorities when designing policies for volcanic risk reduction policies in Tenerife. This study tests a comprehensive volcanic risk assessment for Tenerife, but it also provides a framework that is applicable to other regions threatened by volcanic hazards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9040273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T02:10:52Z","timestamp":1587607852000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Testing a Comprehensive Volcanic Risk Assessment of Tenerife by Volcanic Hazard Simulations and Social Vulnerability Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Weiqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7763-1108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography &amp; Earth System Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longqian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingxin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2163-4550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.10.012","article-title":"Social vulnerability at a local level around the Merapi volcano","volume":"20","author":"Maharani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution (2018, October 19). Volcanoes of the World Database. Available online: https:\/\/volcano.si.edu\/search_eruption.cfm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X13009266","article-title":"Solastalgia: Living with the Environmental Damage Caused By Natural Disasters","volume":"29","author":"Warsini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prehosp. Disaster Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2005.04.017","article-title":"Volcanic disasters and incidents: A new database","volume":"148","author":"Witham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2014.10.009","article-title":"A new Volcanic managEment Risk Database desIgn (VERDI): Application to El Hierro Island (Canary Islands)","volume":"288","author":"Bartolini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s004450000121","article-title":"Long-term volcanic hazard forecasts based on Somma-Vesuvio past eruptive activity","volume":"63","author":"Lirer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.023","article-title":"A long-term volcanic hazard event tree for Teide-Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes (Tenerife, Canary Islands)","volume":"178","author":"Geyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JB006566","article-title":"Bayesian event tree for long-term volcanic hazard assessment: Application to Teide-Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes, Tenerife, Canary Islands","volume":"115","author":"Sobradelo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"377","article-title":"Zonation of the main volcanic hazards (lava flows and ash fall) in Tenerife, Canary Islands. A proposal for a surveillance network","volume":"103","author":"Astiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-011-0569-6","article-title":"Eruptive scenarios of phonolitic volcanism at Teide-Pico Viejo volcanic complex (Tenerife, Canary Islands)","volume":"74","author":"Sobradelo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2013.09.005","article-title":"A GIS-based volcanic hazard and risk assessment of eruptions sourced within Valles Caldera, New Mexico","volume":"267","author":"Alcorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2014.04.005","article-title":"A GIS-based methodology for the estimation of potential volcanic damage and its application to Tenerife Island, Spain","volume":"278\u2013279","author":"Scaini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-015-0995-y","article-title":"A scale for ranking volcanoes by risk","volume":"78","author":"Scandone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.028","article-title":"Characterising unrest during the reawakening of the central volcanic complex on Tenerife, Canary Islands, 2004-205, 0and implications for assessing hazards and risk mitigation","volume":"182","author":"Ortiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(00)00234-1","article-title":"Application of a GIS algorithm to delimit the areas protected against basic lava flow invasion on Tenerife Island","volume":"103","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Gomez-Fernandez, F. (1970). Development of a Volcanic Risk Assessment Information System for the Prevention And Management Of Volcanic Crisis: Stating The Fundamentals. WIT Trans. Inf. Commun. Technol., 21."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2008.07.010","article-title":"Estimating building exposure and impact to volcanic hazards in Icod de los Vinos, Tenerife (Canary Islands)","volume":"178","author":"Marti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2012.01.008","article-title":"A direct approach to estimating the number of potential fatalities from an eruption: Application to the Central Volcanic Complex of Tenerife Island","volume":"219\u2013220","author":"Marrero","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"PHIVOLCS (2020, March 01). Introduction to Volcanoes, Available online: https:\/\/www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph\/index.php\/volcano-hazard\/introduction-to-volcanoes."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branney, M., and Acocella, V. (2015). Calderas. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385938-9.00016-X"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2007.07.008","article-title":"Automatic GIS-based system for volcanic hazard assessment","volume":"166","author":"Felpeto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2010.06.008","article-title":"Methodology for the computation of volcanic susceptibility. An example for mafic and felsic eruptions on Tenerife (Canary Islands)","volume":"195","author":"Marti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1130\/B26087.1","article-title":"Eruptive and structural history of Teide Volcano and rift zones of Tenerife, Canary Islands","volume":"119","author":"Carracedo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2008.07.011","article-title":"Assessing the potential for future explosive activity from Teide-Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes (Tenerife, Canary Islands)","volume":"178","author":"Geyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.102889","article-title":"Las Ca\u00f1adas caldera, Tenerife, Canary Islands: A review, or the end of a long volcanological controversy","volume":"196","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-012-0670-5","article-title":"Development of unconfined historic lava flow fields in Tenerife: Implications for the mitigation of risk from a future eruption","volume":"74","author":"Solana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16986","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71215864","article-title":"Impact of environmental factors on the spectral characteristics of lava surfaces: Field spectrometry of basaltic lava flows on Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2017.07.014","article-title":"Testing random forest classification for identifying lava flows and mapping age groups on a single Landsat 8 image","volume":"345","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Li, L., Chen, L., Zhang, Y., Cheng, L., Zhou, X., and Yang, X. (2018). Land-use carbon emissions estimation for the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration using 1994\u20132016 Landsat image data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091334"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Li, L., Chen, L., Liu, Y., Cui, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, T. (2019). Discriminating urban forest types from Sentinel-2A image data through linear spectral mixture analysis: A case study of Xuzhou, East China. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10060478"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"419","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of satellite derived land-cover data: A review","volume":"60","author":"Janssen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2017.00102","article-title":"The Volcanic Hazards Assessment Support System for the Online Hazard Assessment and Risk Mitigation of Quaternary Volcanoes in the World","volume":"5","author":"Takarada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.09.003","article-title":"Q-LAVHA: A flexible GIS plugin to simulate lava flows","volume":"97","author":"Mossoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JB002896","article-title":"Probabilistic modeling of tephra dispersal: Hazard assessment of a multiphase rhyolitic eruption at Tarawera, New Zealand","volume":"110","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0457-1","article-title":"A fast GIS-based risk assessment for tephra fallout: The example of Cotopaxi volcano, Ecuador","volume":"65","author":"Biass","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2005.01.013","article-title":"A computer model for volcanic ash fallout and assessment of subsequent hazard","volume":"31","author":"Macedonio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1126\/science.217.4560.637","article-title":"Computer-Assisted Mapping of Pyroclastic Surges","volume":"217","author":"Malin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3121.2011.01002.x","article-title":"Pyroclastic density currents from Teide-Pico Viejo (Tenerife, Canary Islands): Implications for hazard assessment","volume":"23","author":"Marti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Terra Nov."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-006-9026-9","article-title":"A GIS-based methodology for hazard mapping of small volume pyroclastic density currents","volume":"41","author":"Toyos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Felpeto, A. (2020, April 18). A GIS-Based Tool for Volcanic Hazard Assessment User\u2019s Guide; 2007. Available online: http:\/\/www.gvb-csic.es\/GVB\/VORIS\/VORIS_2_0_1_guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s12303-017-0060-2","article-title":"Volcanoclastic flow hazard assessment in highly populated areas: A GIS-based approach applied to Torre del Greco municipality (Somma-Vesuvius, Italy)","volume":"22","author":"Bisson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosci. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-15-2391-2015","article-title":"Preliminary assessment for the use of VORIS as a tool for rapid lava flow simulation at Goma Volcano Observatory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"15","author":"Syavulisembo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1144\/M44.12","article-title":"Eruptive frequency and volcanic hazards zonation in Sao Miguel Island, Azores","volume":"44","author":"Gaspar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2014.08.009","article-title":"Volcanic hazard on Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)","volume":"285","author":"Bartolini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-010-0403-6","article-title":"Spatio-temporal hazard estimation in the Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand, with a new event-order model","volume":"73","author":"Bebbington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-17-1145-2017","article-title":"Assessing qualitative long-Term volcanic hazards at Lanzarote Island (Canary Islands)","volume":"17","author":"Becerril","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-008-0233-y","article-title":"Lava flow hazard at Nyiragongo volcano, D.R.C. 1. Model calibration and hazard mapping","volume":"71","author":"Favalli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2007.10.008","article-title":"Forecasting lava flow hazards during the 2006 Etna eruption: Using the MAGFLOW cellular automata model","volume":"35","author":"Herault","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2011.05.001","article-title":"Mapping and DOWNFLOW simulation of recent lava flow fields at Mount Etna","volume":"204","author":"Tarquini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2005.01.010","article-title":"A coupled model for dispersal of tephra during sustained explosive eruptions","volume":"145","author":"Folch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-018-1215-3","article-title":"Distribution and mass of tephra-fall deposits from volcanic eruptions of Sakurajima Volcano based on posteruption surveys","volume":"80","author":"Oishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, S., Magill, C., McAneney, J., and Hurst, T. (2008). Multistage volcanic events: Tephra hazard simulations for the Okataina Volcanic Center, New Zealand. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JF000787"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Lin, X., Wang, M., Peng, J., and Tu, Y. (2017). Assessing agricultural drought vulnerability by a VSD Model: A case study in Yunnan Province, China. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9060918"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2012.01.001","article-title":"Farm-scale adaptation and vulnerability to environmental stresses: Insights from winegrowing in Northern California","volume":"22","author":"Nicholas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2007.01.005","article-title":"Building comparable global change vulnerability assessments: The vulnerability scoping diagram","volume":"17","author":"Polsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.154","article-title":"China\u2019s regional assessment of renewable energy vulnerability to climate change","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-1481-2013","article-title":"Social vulnerability assessment using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SEVI model) and the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI model)\u2014A case study for Bucharest, Romania","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90057-I","article-title":"How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process","volume":"48","author":"Saaty","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.05.055","article-title":"Prediction of ecological effects of potential population and impervious surface increases using a remote sensing based ecological index (RSEI)","volume":"93","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.04.016","article-title":"Environmental vulnerability assessment for mainland China based on entropy method","volume":"91","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.07.001","article-title":"Ecological vulnerability indicators","volume":"60","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2018.05.009","article-title":"Analysis of risk assessment factors of individuals in volcanic hazards: Review of the last decade","volume":"357","author":"Favereau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.06.008","article-title":"Perceptions of seismic and volcanic risk and preparedness at S\u00e3o Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal)","volume":"31","author":"Rego","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2007.12.011","article-title":"Volcanic risk perception in the Vesuvius population","volume":"172","author":"Isaia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., and Wisner, B. (1994). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People Vulnerability and Disasters, Taylor & Francis. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"337","article-title":"The \u223c2 ka subplinian eruption of Monta\u00f1a Blanca, Tenerife","volume":"57","author":"Ablay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2009.09.019","article-title":"Variations in population exposure and sensitivity to lahar hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington","volume":"188","author":"Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Blong, R. (1984). Volcanic Hazards: A Sourcebook on the Effects of Eruptions, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(00)00148-7","article-title":"Pyroclastic current dynamic pressure from aerodynamics of tree or pole blow-down","volume":"100","author":"Clarke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2014.08.030","article-title":"Volcanic hazard impacts to critical infrastructure: A review","volume":"286","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2013.02.012","article-title":"The Merapi 2010 eruption: An interdisciplinary impact assessment methodology for studying pyroclastic density current dynamics","volume":"261","author":"Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2009.04.010","article-title":"Environmental effects of ashfall in Argentina from the 2008 Chait\u00e9n volcanic eruption","volume":"184","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-010-0396-1","article-title":"Ash storms: Impacts of wind-remobilised volcanic ash on rural communities and agriculture following the 1991 Hudson eruption, southern Patagonia, Chile","volume":"73","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/4\/273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:26:48Z","timestamp":1760365608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/4\/273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9040273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9040273","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]}}}