{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T21:58:29Z","timestamp":1763071109867,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]],"date-time":"2020-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51708399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51708399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Macau Foundation","award":["MF 1921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MF 1921"]}]},{"name":"Macao Cultural Affairs Bureau Academic Research Grant","award":["2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018"]}]},{"name":"City University of Macau Foundation","award":["2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this research, we developed a novel model framework consisting of data mining (DM), linear programming (LP), and an all-or-nothing (AON) flow assignment to estimate maritime freight flows between the United States and the rest of the world. We first built DM and LP models to select and combine various country-level data sources on import and export freight into a complete geographic information system (GIS)-based origin and destination (OD) database with targeted locations, networks, and attributes on ocean routes connecting foreign and U.S. maritime ports. Then, we performed freight assignments and estimated total or commodity-specific import and export freight flows. Additionally, we visualized major sea ports with various handling capacities and optimal maritime freight flows in 2D in GIS and in 3D in Google Earth with highlights for selected total and most imported or exported goods on maritime networks and for major trading partners, such as the U.S. and China. Finally, a visual validation of model results on optimal maritime routes with respect to real-time vessel density network links and routes was provided as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9050286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T04:15:29Z","timestamp":1587960929000},"page":"286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Visualizing the USA\u2019s Maritime Freight Flows Using DM, LP, and AON in GIS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture, Planning, and Public Affairs, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Innovations and Design, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Innovations and Design, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1789-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Innovations and Design, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhangye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Innovations and Design, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, April 10). United States Census Bureau, Foreign Trade, Available online: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/foreign-trade\/Press-Release\/current_press_release\/ft900.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, April 10). Martin Asscociates, 2018 National Economic Impact of the U.S. Coastal Port System: Executive Summary. Available online: https:\/\/www.aapa-ports.org\/advocating\/PRDetail.aspx?ItemNumber=22306."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"MarketLine (2020, April 10). Marine Freight in the United States. Available online: https:\/\/store.marketline.com\/report\/ohmf6726--marine-freight-in-the-united-states-3\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Nord\u00e5s, H., Pinali, E., and Geloso Grosso, M. (2006). Logistics and Time as a Trade Barrier. OECD Trade Policy Papers, 35."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.2009.11498","article-title":"Trading on time","volume":"92","author":"Djankov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajsl.2017.12.012","article-title":"The logistic performance effect in international trade","volume":"33","author":"Gani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Shipp. Logist."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2019, November 05). Port Performance Freight Statistics Annual Report to Congress, Available online: https:\/\/www.bts.gov\/browse-statistical-products-and-data\/port-performance\/port-performance-freigh t-statistics-annual-1."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Lowe, D. (2019, October 05). Intermodal Freight Transport. Available online: https:\/\/www.crcpress.com\/Intermodal-Freight-Transport\/Lowe\/p\/book\/9780750659352."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2010.07.005","article-title":"Transportation uncertainty and international trade","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajsl.2013.01.005","article-title":"Seaborne trade between developed and developing countries","volume":"28","author":"Yip","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Shipp. Logist."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/03088839400000042","article-title":"Concepts of strategic commercial location: The case of container ports","volume":"21","author":"Hayuth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Marit. Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2012.06.022","article-title":"General cargo and containership emergent routes: A complex networks description","volume":"24","author":"Montes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2010.03.005","article-title":"Ports in multi-level maritime networks: Evidence from the Atlantic (1996\u20132006)","volume":"18","author":"Ducruet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/20713603","article-title":"North American Container Port Capacity: An Exploratory Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Maloni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3141\/1820-05","article-title":"Transferability of an intermodal freight transportation forecasting model to major Florida seaports","volume":"1820","author":"Klodzinski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2003.05.001","article-title":"A disaggregate analysis of port selection","volume":"40","author":"Malchow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"14","article-title":"Port economic impact studies: Practice and assessment","volume":"16","author":"Waters","year":"1977","journal-title":"Transp. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/03088830500139885","article-title":"Port regionalization: Towards a new phase in port development","volume":"32","author":"Notteboom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Marit. Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2009.08.002","article-title":"World maritime cities: From which cities do container shipping companies make decisions?","volume":"16","author":"Verhetsel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2013.01.008","article-title":"Evaluation of the relevance measure between ports and regional economy using structural equation modeling","volume":"27","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2012.06.007","article-title":"Ocean shipping reform act promotes competition in the trans\u2014Atlantic trade route","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/03088839500000045","article-title":"The implications of increased competition among ports for port policy and management","volume":"22","author":"Heaver","year":"1995","journal-title":"Marit. Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2003.11.003","article-title":"Port governance in China: A review of policies in an era of internationalizing port management practices","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Shen, G. (2020, March 19). From Global to Local: Big Data and Model Development for Spatially and Temporally Scalable Freight Transportation. Available online: https:\/\/www.ubdc.ac.uk\/media\/1286\/finalproceedings.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducruet, C. (2017). GIS-based analysis of US international seaborne trade flows. Advances in Shipping Data Analysis and Modeling, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315271446"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2019, November 10). Maritime Administration, Available online: http:\/\/www.marad.dot.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2019, October 10). USA Trade Online, Available online: http:\/\/usatrade.census.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"World Customs Organization (2020, January 24). Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System. Available online: http:\/\/www.wcoomd.org\/en\/topics\/nomenclature\/instrument-and-tools\/tools-to-assist-with-the-classification-in-the-hs\/hs-online.aspx."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019, September 10). Navigation Data Center. Available online: http:\/\/www.navigationdatacenter.us\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2020, January 24). World Port Index, National Geospatial-Intelligene Agency. Available online: https:\/\/msi.nga.mil\/Publications\/WPI."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"CTA Transportation Networks (2019, November 10). Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Available online: http:\/\/cta.ornl.gov\/transnet\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"OECD (2020, April 10). OECD Bilateral Trade Database by Industry and End-User Category. Available online: http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sti\/ind\/Estimating_BilatFlows_byIndEndUse.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenzerini, M. (2002, January 3\u20135). Data Integration: A Theoretical Perspective. Proceedings of the ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD-SIGART Symposium on Principles of Database Systems, Madison, WI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/543613.543644"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Sheffi, Y. (1984). Urban Transportation Networks: Equilibrium Analysis with Mathematical Programming Methods, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"205","article-title":"Equilibrium traffic assignment on large virtual networks: Implementation issues and limits for multi-modal freight transport","volume":"6","author":"Jourquin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Transp. Infrastruct. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ort\u00fazar, J.D., and Willumsen, L.G. (2011). Modelling Tranport, John Willey & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119993308"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, H.J., and Shaw, S.-L. (2001). Geographic Information Systems for Transportation: Principles and Applications, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195123944.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"ESRI (2020, March 18). The Fifty Largest Ports Link Six Continents and Countless Supply Chains. Available online: https:\/\/storymaps.esri.com\/stories\/2013\/ports\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Scott, A.J. (2020, March 20). Global City-Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy. Available online: https:\/\/econpapers.repec.org\/bookchap\/oxpobooks\/9780198297994.htm."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2020, March 18). Marine Traffic, Live Map, Real-Time Vessel Tracking and Density Map. Available online: https:\/\/www.marinetraffic.com\/en\/ais\/home\/centerx:-55.9\/centery:-10.5\/zoom:2."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2020.02.001","article-title":"Ridesharing user equilibrium problem under OD-based surge pricing strategy","volume":"134","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/5\/286\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:38:26Z","timestamp":1760427506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/5\/286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9050286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9050286","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]]}}}