{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:42:29Z","timestamp":1760366549320,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22 RO-CH\/RSRP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22 RO-CH\/RSRP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IZERZO 142168\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZERZO 142168\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an approach to detecting patterns in a three-dimensional context, emphasizing the role played by the local geometry of the surface model. The core of the associated algorithm is represented by the cosine similarity computed to sub-matrices of regularly gridded digital surface\/canopy models. We developed an accompanying software instrument compatible with a GIS environment which allows, as inputs, locations in the surface\/canopy model based on field data, pre-defined geometric shapes, or their combination. We exemplified the approach for a study case dealing with the locations of scattered trees and shrubs previously identified in the field in two study sites. We found that the variation in the pairwise similarities between the trees is better explained by the computation of slopes. Furthermore, we considered a pre-defined shape, the Mexican Hat wavelet. Its geometry is controlled by a single number, for which we found ranges of best fit between the shapes and the actual trees. Finally, a suitable combination of parameters made it possible to determine the potential locations of scattered trees. The accuracy of detection was equal to 77.9% and 89.5% in the two study sites considered. Moreover, a visual check based on orthophotomaps confirmed the reliability of the outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9050298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1588821038000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Method for Tree Detection Based on Similarity with Geometric Shapes of 3D Geospatial Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mihai-Sorin","family":"Stupariu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bucharest, 010014 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Transdisciplinary Research Centre Landscape-Territory-Information Systems, CeLTIS Institute of Research of University of Bucharest, ICUB, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alin-Ionu\u021b","family":"Ple\u0219oianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transdisciplinary Research Centre Landscape-Territory-Information Systems, CeLTIS Institute of Research of University of Bucharest, ICUB, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Geography, Doctoral School Simion Mehedinti, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"P\u0103tru-Stupariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transdisciplinary Research Centre Landscape-Territory-Information Systems, CeLTIS Institute of Research of University of Bucharest, ICUB, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Regional Geography and Environment, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"F\u00fcrst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Sustainable Landscape Development, Institute for Geosciences and Geography, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/01426397.2015.1078455","article-title":"Integrating time and the third spatial dimension in landscape structure analysis","volume":"41","author":"Walz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. 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