{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:48:58Z","timestamp":1760237338720,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Science and Technology Innovation Projects of Shandong Province","award":["2019JZZY020103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JZZY020103"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Natural Resources Monitoring and Simulation,Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["KF-2019-04-070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2019-04-070"]}]},{"name":"SDUST Research Fund","award":["2019TDJH103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TDJH103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When it comes to feature retention in multi-scale representations of ocean flow fields, not all data points are equal. Therefore, this paper proposes a method of selecting data points based on their importance. First, an autocorrelation analysis is performed on flow speed and the rate of change in flow direction. Then, the magnitude of speed and variation in the rate of change in flow direction are classified. Feature regions are determined according to autocorrelation aggregation and classification analysis. Then, rough set theory and evidence theory are applied, using these results to determine the weights of different points. Finally, these weights are used to construct multi-scale representations of ocean flow fields, which effectively retain flow-field characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9050307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T03:45:20Z","timestamp":1588909520000},"page":"307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multi-Scale Representation of Ocean Flow Fields Based on Feature Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Ai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Decheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"Urban Planning and Design Institute of the West Coast New Area of Qingdao, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying &amp; Mapping, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7934-5850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanlin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Planning and Design Institute of the West Coast New Area of Qingdao, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huibo","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cai, Z.H. (2013). Rarefying and Representation of Flow Fields. [Ph.D. Thesis, Capital Normal University]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-018-1201-9","article-title":"A Novel Algorithm for Ocean Wave Direction Inversion from X-band Radar Images Based on Optical Flow Method","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-739X(98)00050-8","article-title":"Global, Geometric, and Feature-based Techniques for Vector Field Visualization","volume":"15","author":"Post","year":"1999","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Ai, B., Fang, J., Xin, W., Zhao, X., and Lv, G. (2019). Multi-Scale Flow Field Mapping Method Based on Real-Time Feature Streamlines. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8080335"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeuw, W.D., and Liere R, V. (1999). Visualization of Global Flow Structures Using Multiple Levels of Topology. Data Visualization, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6803-5_5"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(02)00056-0","article-title":"Topology tracking for the visualization of time-dependent two-dimensional flows","volume":"26","author":"Tricoche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5303","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Variability of The Iberian Peninsula Coastal Low-level jet","volume":"38","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"12","article-title":"A Novel Approach to Vortex Core Region Detection","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Data Vis. Eurograph. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Fast and Robust Extraction of Separation Line Features","volume":"14","author":"Tricoche","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed. A Publ. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Weinkauf, T., Theisel, H., Hege, H.C., and Seidel, H.P. (2004, January 19\u201321). Boundary Switch Connectors for Topological Visualization of Complex 3D vector Fields. Proceedings of the Data Visualization, Konstanz, Germany."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Theisel, H., Weinkauf, T., Hege, H.C., and Seidel, H.P. (2004, January 10\u201315). Stream Line and Path Line Oriented Topology for 2D Time-Dependent Vector Fields. Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization, Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Theisel, H., Weinkauf, T., Hege, H.C., and Seidel, H.P. (2004, January 16\u201318). Grid-independent detection of closed stream lines in 2D vector fields. Proceedings of the Vision, Modeling and Visualization, Stanford, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12614","article-title":"Macroalgal spore dysfunction: Ocean acidification delays and weakens adhesion","volume":"54","author":"Guenther","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.162","article-title":"Adaptive Extraction and Quantification of Geophysical Vortices","volume":"17","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.260","article-title":"Vortex Visualization in Ultra Low Reynolds Number Insect Flight","volume":"17","author":"Koehler","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.70554","article-title":"Efficient Visualization of Lagrangian Coherent Structures by Filtered AMR Ridge Extraction","volume":"13","author":"Sadlo","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipinski, D., and Mohseni, K. (2010). A ridge tracking algorithm and error estimate for efficient computation of Lagrangian coherent structures. Chaos Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3270049"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"239248","article-title":"Interactive feature specification for focus+context visualization of complex simulation data","volume":"3","author":"Doleisch","year":"2003","journal-title":"VisSym"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"571","article-title":"Intelligent Flow Feature Extraction and Multi-Resolution Visualization","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comput. Aided Des. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Fuzzy-based Interactive Feature Description and Extraction of 3D Flows","volume":"16","author":"Enya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Image Graph."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"47","article-title":"Research on Geographical Environment Unit Division Based on the Method of Natural Breaks (Jenks)","volume":"XL-4\/W3","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ming, L. (2014). Research and Implementation of Visualization Method for Marine Environment Early Warning Data, Capital Normal University."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Bin, X. (2007). Simulation Analysis of the Influence of Spatial Weight Matrix on Moran\u2019s I, Nanjing Normal University."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2005.07.003","article-title":"Engine fault diagnosis based on multi-sensor information fusion using Dempster\u2013Shafer evidence theory","volume":"8","author":"Basir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"43","article-title":"Improved Method of Attribute Weight Based on Rough Theory","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2008.05.006","article-title":"Dimensionality reduction based on rough set theory: A review","volume":"9","author":"Thangavel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01001956","article-title":"Rough set","volume":"11","author":"Pawlak","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4174(99)00053-6","article-title":"The integrated methodology of rough set theory and artificial neural network for business failure prediction","volume":"18","author":"Ahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl. Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"116","article-title":"A Modified Heuristic Algorithm of Attribute Reduction in Rough Set","volume":"14","author":"Suo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Xi\u2019an Univ. Post Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"422","article-title":"The Method of Attribute Weight Distribution in Multi-attribute System","volume":"S1","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. China Electrotech. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"459","article-title":"Evaluation of Simulation Credibility Based on Rough Set and Gray Correlation Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Syst. Simul."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"20","article-title":"Weight determination method based on rough set theory","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ai, B., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., and Sun, D. (2019). Evaluation of multi-scale representation of ocean flow fields using the Euler method based on map load. J. Spat. Sci.","DOI":"10.1080\/14498596.2018.1509739"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/5\/307\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:26:27Z","timestamp":1760174787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/5\/307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9050307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9050307","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]}}}