{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:16:32Z","timestamp":1765484192619,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To equally distribute the workload and minimize the travel distance for fire departments, we developed a new dynamic floating stations model (DFSM) to target traffic-related emergency medical services (EMS) during peak hours. This study revealed that traffic-related EMS incidents have different characteristics to other EMS incidents. The number of floating stations was determined by the number of available ambulances at a given time. The optimum floating station location was identified by using the given capacity to establish the smallest service radius. In DFSM simulations using floating stations with a capacity of 100 and 150 EMS incidents, the result shows significant improvements in comparison to the current situation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9050336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T10:37:38Z","timestamp":1589971058000},"page":"336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dynamic Floating Stations Model for Emergency Medical Services with a Consideration of Traffic Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chih-Hong","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen-Yang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering &amp;Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11698, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Huan","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Fire Department, Disaster Rescue Section, New Taipei City 220225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLay, L.A. (2010). Emergency medical service systems that improve patient survivability. Wiley Encycl. Oper. Res. Manag. Sci.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470400531.eorms0296"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.20.2.188","article-title":"Evaluation of emergency medical services systems: A classification to assist in determination of indicators","volume":"20","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2018). New Taipei City Government Fire Department Disaster Relief Rescue Dispatch Center Rescue Case GPS Coordinates Database."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00364-8","article-title":"Ambulance location and relocation models","volume":"147","author":"Brotcorne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2009.04.002","article-title":"Integrating expected coverage and local reliability for emergency medical services location problems","volume":"44","author":"Sorensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"20","article-title":"Operations research models for the deployment of emergency services vehicles","volume":"1","author":"Goldberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ems Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.10.043","article-title":"Solving the dynamic ambulance relocation and dispatching problem using approximate dynamic programming","volume":"219","author":"Schmid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2101063","article-title":"Impact of ambulance dispatch policies on performance of emergency medical services","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ieee Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Improving emergency responsiveness with management science","volume":"50","author":"Kolesar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00186-011-0363-4","article-title":"Covering models and optimization techniques for emergency response facility location and planning: A review","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Math. Methods Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.19.6.1363","article-title":"The location of emergency service facilities","volume":"19","author":"Toregas","year":"1971","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Church, R., and ReVelle, C. (1973). The maximum covering location problem. Reg. Sci. Assoc., 32.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01942293"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8191(01)00103-X","article-title":"A dynamic model and parallel tabu search heuristic for real-time ambulance relocation","volume":"27","author":"Gendreau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parallel Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.17.1.48","article-title":"A maximum expected covering location model: Formulation, properties and heuristic solution","volume":"17","author":"Daskin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.23.3.192","article-title":"The maximum availability location problem","volume":"23","author":"ReVelle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2006.04.003","article-title":"A multiperiod set covering location model for dynamic redeployment of ambulances","volume":"35","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.20267","article-title":"Ambulance location for maximum survival","volume":"55","author":"Erkut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nav. Res. Logist. (NRL)"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scient.2011.11.008","article-title":"The large scale maximal covering location problem","volume":"18","author":"Zarandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Iran."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.12.824","article-title":"A multiperiod maximal covering location model for the optimal location of intersection safety cameras on an urban traffic network","volume":"108","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2011.583586","article-title":"A nationwide comparison of driving distance versus straight-line distance to hospitals","volume":"64","author":"Boscoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordin, N.A.M., Zaharudin, Z.A., Maasar, M.A., and Nordin, N.A. (2012, January 24\u201327). Finding shortest path of the ambulance routing: Interface of A\u2217 algorithm using C# programming. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Symposium on Humanities, Science and Engineering Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SHUSER.2012.6268841"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1068\/b150153","article-title":"Capacitated covering models","volume":"15","author":"Current","year":"1988","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802006000400007","article-title":"The burden of injury in Brazil, 2003","volume":"124","author":"Gawryszewski","year":"2006","journal-title":"S\u00e3o Paulo Med J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"98","article-title":"Road traffic injuries: A challenge for Iran\u2019s health system","volume":"38","author":"Ardalan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5812\/atr.8780","article-title":"Pre-hospital trauma care in road traffic accidents in kashan, iran","volume":"1","author":"Paravar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Trauma Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2016.10.005","article-title":"Differences between the sexes in motorcycle-related injuries and fatalities at a Taiwanese level I trauma center","volume":"40","author":"Hsieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Administration National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (N. H. T. S.) (2013). Motorcycles Traffic Safety Fact Sheet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2013.792289","article-title":"Trends in fatal motorcycle injuries in the Americas, 1998\u20132010","volume":"21","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Inj. Control Saf. Promot."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1090.1142","article-title":"Empirical analysis of ambulance travel times: The case of Calgary emergency medical services","volume":"56","author":"Budge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2010.06.033","article-title":"Ambulance location and relocation problems with time-dependent travel times","volume":"207","author":"Schmid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2014.03.008","article-title":"A simulation optimization framework for ambulance deployment and relocation problems","volume":"72","author":"Zhen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2005.03.022","article-title":"Analysis of ambulance decentralization in an urban emergency medical service using the hypercube queueing model","volume":"34","author":"Takeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2005.08.008","article-title":"The relationship between extreme heat and ambulance response calls for the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada","volume":"101","author":"Dolney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1986.21","article-title":"Determining ambulance deployment in santo domingo, dominican republic","volume":"37","author":"Eaton","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pillai, N.S., and Meng, X.-L. (2016). An unexpected encounter with Cauchy and L\u00e9vy. Ann. Stat., 2089\u20132097.","DOI":"10.1214\/15-AOS1407"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiah, D.-M., and Chen, S.-W. (2007, January 19\u201320). Ambulance allocation capacity model. Proceedings of the 2007 9th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Application and Services, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/HEALTH.2007.381600"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiah, D.-M., Hung, C.-T., and Chen, S.-W. (2009, January 6\u20138). Multi-capacities ambulance location model. Proceedings of the 2009 5th International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks & Communities and Workshops, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/TRIDENTCOM.2009.4976246"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-007-9048-1","article-title":"Optimal ambulance location with random delays and travel times","volume":"11","author":"Ingolfsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Care Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orhc.2015.01.001","article-title":"An efficient heuristic for real-time ambulance redeployment","volume":"4","author":"Jagtenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oper. Res. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02097801","article-title":"The maximum reliability location problem and \u03b1-reliablep-center problem: Derivatives of the probabilistic location set covering problem","volume":"18","author":"Revelle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.03.015","article-title":"Linear upper-bound unavailability set covering models for locating ambulances: Application to Tehran rural roads","volume":"221","author":"Babaei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-011-0972-6","article-title":"Improving emergency service in rural areas: A bi-objective covering location model for EMS systems","volume":"221","author":"Chanta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-014-0374-3","article-title":"Location and relocation problems in the context of the emergency medical service systems: A case study","volume":"23","author":"Moeini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Oper. Res."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/5\/336\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:30:43Z","timestamp":1760175043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/5\/336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9050336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9050336","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]}}}