{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:19:38Z","timestamp":1764937178579,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41505001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41505001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preventing and controlling the risk of importing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has rapidly become a major concern. In addition to air freight, ocean-going ships play a non-negligible role in spreading COVID-19 due to frequent visits to countries with infected populations. This research introduces a method to dynamically assess the infection risk of ships based on a data-driven approach. It automatically identifies the ports and countries these ships approach based on their Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) data and a spatio-temporal density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (ST_DBSCAN) algorithm. We derive daily and 14 day cumulative ship exposure indexes based on a series of country-based indices, such as population density, cumulative confirmed cases, and increased rate of confirmed cases. These indexes are classified into high-, middle-, and low-risk levels that are then coded as red, yellow, and green according to the health Quick Response (QR) code based on the reference exposure index of Wuhan on April 8, 2020. This method was applied to a real container ship deployed along a Eurasian route. The results showed that the proposed method can trace ship infection risk and provide a decision support mechanism to prevent and control overseas imported COVID-19 cases from international shipping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9060351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T05:35:52Z","timestamp":1590557752000},"page":"351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Risk Assessment of the Overseas Imported COVID-19 of Ocean-Going Ships Based on AIS and Infection Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zhihuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]},{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5586-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Claramunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Logistics Engineering College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Naval Academy Research Institute, 29240 Brest, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30260-9","article-title":"Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: A modelling study","volume":"395","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Gayle, A.A., Wilder-Smith, A., and Rockl\u00f6v, J. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. J. Travel Med., 27.","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa021"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, T., Hu, J., Xiao, J., He, G., Kang, M., Rong, Z., Lin, L., Zhong, H., Huang, Q., and Deng, A. (2020). Time-varying transmission dynamics of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia in China. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.25.919787"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdisas.2020.100090","article-title":"Governance, technology and citizen behavior in pandemic: Lessons from COVID-19 in East Asia","volume":"6","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Disaster Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, E., Du, H., and Gardner, L. (2020). An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect. Dis., 30120\u201330121.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Zhenhuan, M. (2020, April 12). Health QR Code Helps Curb Spread of Infection. Available online: https:\/\/www.chinadailyhk.com\/article\/124757."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2020, April 12). NetEaseNews. Available online: https:\/\/news.163.com\/20\/0216\/12\/F5GNTI8R00018AOR.html."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Freightwaves (2020, April 20). COVID-19 Confirmed on Gjertrud Maersk. Available online: https:\/\/www.freightwaves.com\/news\/covid-19-confirmed-on-gjertrud-maersk."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.033","article-title":"Estimation of the reproductive number of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and the probable outbreak size on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: A data-driven analysis","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"264","article-title":"Transmission potential of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) onboard the diamond Princess Cruises Ship, 2020","volume":"5","author":"Mizumoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Model."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, H., Khosrawipour, V., Kocbach, P., Mikolajczyk, A., Ichii, H., Zacharski, M., Bania, J., and Khosrawipour, T. (2020). The association between international and domestic air traffic and the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.03.026"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.-A., Fan, H., Qi, R.-Z., Zheng, W., Zheng, K., Gong, J.-H., Fang, L.-Q., and Liu, W. (2020). Importing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) into China after international air travel. Travel Med. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101620"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2020, April 12). The Latest Situation of the New Coronavirus Pneumonia Pandemic Situation as of 24:00 on 8 April, Available online: http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/xcs\/yqtb\/202004\/fa7bb40a7fbf4b2c8f3989d512fe5b77.shtml."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Gassen, J. (2020, April 12). Download, Tidy and Visualize Covid-19 Related Data. Available online: https:\/\/joachim-gassen.github.io\/tidycovid19\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"ITU (2014). Technical Characteristics for an Automatic Identification System Using Time Division Multiple Access in the VHF Maritime Mobile Frequency Band, International Telecommunication Union."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"GADM (2020, April 25). GADM Maps and Data. Available online: https:\/\/gadm.org\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-018-1511-z","article-title":"A fine-grained perspective on the robustness of global cargo ship transportation networks","volume":"28","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Souza, E.N., Boerder, K., Matwin, S., and Worm, B. (2016). Improving Fishing Pattern Detection from Satellite AIS Using Data Mining and Machine Learning. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163760"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.08.042","article-title":"Global assessment of shipping emissions in 2015 on a high spatial and temporal resolution","volume":"167","author":"Johansson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Claramunt, C., and Wang, Y. (2019). Extracting Global Shipping Networks from Massive Historical Automatic Identification System Sensor Data: A Bottom-Up Approach. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153363"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2006.01.013","article-title":"ST-DBSCAN: An algorithm for clustering spatial\u2013temporal data","volume":"60","author":"Birant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Data Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Sander, J., and Xu, X. (1996, January 2\u20134). A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"658","article-title":"Risk assessment and early warning of imported COVID-19 in 21 cities, Guangdong province","volume":"41","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"E017","article-title":"Risk assessment of exported risk of novel coronavirus pneumonia from Hubei Province","volume":"54","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boldog, P., Tekeli, T., Vizi, Z., D\u00e9nes, A., Bartha, F.A., and R\u00f6st, G. (2020). Risk Assessment of Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Outbreaks Outside China. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.04.20020503"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/6\/351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:32:57Z","timestamp":1760175177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/6\/351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9060351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9060351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]}}}