{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:15:36Z","timestamp":1778620536812,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land degradation caused by soil erosion is considered among the most severe problems of the 21stcentury. It poses serious threats to soil fertility, food availability, human health, and the world ecosystem. The purpose of the study is to make a quantitative mapping of soil loss in the Chitral district, Pakistan. For the estimation of soil loss in the study area, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model was used in combination with Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS). Topographical features of the study area show that the area is more vulnerable to soil loss, having the highest average annual soil loss of 78 ton\/ha\/year. Maps generated in the study show that the area has the highest sediment yield of 258 tons\/ha\/year and higher average annual soil loss of 450 tons\/ha\/year. The very high severity class represents 8%, 16% under high, 21% under moderate, 12% under low, and 13% under very low soil loss in the Chitral district. The above study is helpful to researchers and planners for better planning to control the loss of soil in the high severity zones. Plantation of trees and structures should be built like check dams, which effectively control the soil erosion process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9060356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T08:27:48Z","timestamp":1590654468000},"page":"356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Geospatial Assessment of Soil Erosion Intensity and Sediment Yield Using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-516X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahsen","family":"Maqsoom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-5285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaheer Abbas","family":"Kazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Construction Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Sodangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Construction Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rana Faisal","family":"Tufail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3403-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danish","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport Technology and Economics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shit, P.K. (2019). Gully Erosion Studies from India and Surrounding Regions, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23243-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2129-1","article-title":"Spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin","volume":"2","author":"Boakye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sn Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuenchum, P., Xu, M., and Tang, W. (2020). Estimation of Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield in the Lancang\u2013Mekong River Using the Modified Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and GIS Techniques. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12010135"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135389","article-title":"Climate and land use change effects on soil erosion in two small agricultural catchment systems Fugnitz\u2013Austria, Can Revull\u2013Spain","volume":"704","author":"Luetzenburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2017.05.021","article-title":"Assessment of soil particle erodibility and sediment trapping using check dams in small semi-arid catchments","volume":"157","author":"Vaezi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7867-7","article-title":"Geospatial assessment of soil erosion intensity and sediment yield: A case study of Potohar Region, Pakistan","volume":"77","author":"Ullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.17221\/68\/2019-PSE","article-title":"Experimental study on soil erosion under different soil composition using rainfall simulator","volume":"65","author":"Hamanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant. Soil Env."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanmaercke, M. (2019). Sediment Yield and Reservoir Siltation in Tigray. Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia\u2019s Tropical Mountains, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04955-3_23"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"37","article-title":"Human impact on the sediment loads of Asian rivers. Sediment Problems and Sediment Management in Asian River Basins","volume":"349","author":"Walling","year":"2011","journal-title":"IAHS Publ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.5958\/2455-7145.2017.00044.3","article-title":"Soil erosion and global warming in India","volume":"16","author":"Lal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"551","article-title":"Spatial Estimation of Soil Erosion in Iran. Using Rusle Model","volume":"5","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Echohydology"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"67","article-title":"Modeling risk of soil erosion in high and medium rainfall zones of Pothwar region, Pakistan","volume":"54","author":"Ashraf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Pak. Acad. Sci. Pak. Acad. Sci. B. Life Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walling, D.E. (2017). Measuring sediment yield from river basins. Soil Erosion Research Methods, Routledge.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203739358-3"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-020-00365-z","article-title":"Soil erosion assessment using RUSLE model and GIS in Huluka watershed, Central Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Atoma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1203","article-title":"Desertification in Pakistan: Causes, impacts and management","volume":"8","author":"Anjum","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Foodagric. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"219","article-title":"The Impact of Suspended Sediment Loadon Reservoir Siltation and Energy Production: A Case Study of the Indus River and Its Tributaries","volume":"22","author":"Sabir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-4012-2","article-title":"Morphometry and land cover based multi-criteria analysis for assessing the soil erosion susceptibility of the western Himalayan watershed","volume":"186","author":"Altaf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-018-0526-x","article-title":"Comparative assessment of soil erosion modelling approaches in a Himalayan watershed","volume":"5","author":"Amin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Modeling Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-017-6424-0","article-title":"Mapping the soil loss in Marqya basin: Syria using RUSLE model in GIS and RS techniques","volume":"76","author":"Abdo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7532-1","article-title":"Estimating of water erosion in semiarid regions using RUSLE equation under GIS environment","volume":"77","author":"Djoukbala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"15","article-title":"Assessment of soil fertility variation in different land uses and management practices in maybar watershed, South Wollo Zone, North Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Yeshaneh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Bioremediation Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2015.10.004","article-title":"Assessment of soil erosion change and its relationships with land use\/cover change in China from the end of the 1980s to 2010","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.06.028","article-title":"Simulating the impacts of future land use change on soil erosion in the Kasilian watershed, Iran","volume":"67","author":"Zare","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3390\/w8100444","article-title":"Potential impact of climate change on suspended sediment yield in nwspain: A case study on the corbeira catchment","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswcr.2016.01.002","article-title":"Soil loss estimation using GIS and Remote sensing techniques: A case of Koga watershed, Northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Gelagay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3351","article-title":"Assessment of sediment yield in Thailand using revised universal soil loss equation and geographic information system techniques","volume":"34","author":"Rangsiwanichpong","year":"2018","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-015-0040-3","article-title":"Estimation of soil erosion using RUSLE and GIS techniques: A case study of Barakar River basin, Jharkhand, India","volume":"1","author":"Biswas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Modeling Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-015-0015-4","article-title":"Estimation of soil erosion in a semi-arid watershed of Tamil Nadu (India) using revised universal soil loss equation (rusle) model through GIS","volume":"1","author":"Balasubramani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Modeling Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1569-6","article-title":"Estimation of soil erosion in some sections of Lower Jinsha River based on RUSLE","volume":"76","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1659\/MRD-JOURNAL-D-13-00027.1","article-title":"A soil erosion assessment of the upper Mekong River in Yunnan Province, China","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, H. (2020). A Bibliometric Analysis on Land Degradation: Current Status, Development, and Future Directions. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9010028"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X. (2020). Effects of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on Runoff and Sediment Yield in Red Soil Slope Farmland under Natural Rainfall. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12083417"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicu, I.C. (2018). Is overgrazing really influencing soil erosion?. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10081077"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.11.018","article-title":"The success of recent land management efforts to reduce soil erosion in northern France","volume":"303","author":"Frankl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.124","article-title":"Integrating road traffic externalities through a sustainability indicator","volume":"691","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Erosion Risk Potential Assessment Using GIS and RS for Soil and Water Resource Conservation Plan: The Case of Yisir Watershed, Northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Belay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Fish."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"54","article-title":"Assessment of Yearly Soil Erosion of Ranchi District using RUSLE Integrating Geo Informatics Approach","volume":"15","author":"Lal","year":"2019","journal-title":"i-Manag. J. Future Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-006-9118-z","article-title":"Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield using GIS at catchment scale","volume":"21","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.123","article-title":"Mapping monthly rainfall erosivity in Europe","volume":"579","author":"Ballabio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Soil Erosion Risk Assessment due to Land Use\/Land Cover Changes(LULCC) in Bulgaria From 1990 to 2015","volume":"34","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alinteri J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Morgan, R.P.C., and Davidson, D.A. (1991). Soil Erosion and Conservation, Longman Group."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.5194\/se-6-403-2015","article-title":"Soil aggregation, erodibility, and erosion rates in mountain soils (NW Alps, Italy)","volume":"6","author":"Stanchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"11","article-title":"Estimation of soil erosion by using RUSLE and GIS for small mountainous watersheds in Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"Nasir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pak. J. Water Resour. (Pak.)"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julien, P.Y. (2010). Erosion and Sedimentation, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511806049"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(03)00097-5","article-title":"Operationalisation of a landscape-oriented indicator","volume":"98","author":"Osinski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4430-7","article-title":"Spatial assessment of soil erosion risk using RUSLE and GIS techniques","volume":"74","author":"Farhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Van Rompaey, A.J., Bazzoff, P., Jones, R., Montanarella, L., and Govers, G. (2003). Validation of soil erosion risk assessments in Italy, European Commission, Joint Research Centre."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.025","article-title":"Suitability estimation for urban development using multi-hazard assessment map","volume":"575","author":"Bathrellos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/6\/356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:33:14Z","timestamp":1760175194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/6\/356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9060356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9060356","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]}}}