{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T03:50:07Z","timestamp":1776829807022,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban flooding, as one of the most serious natural disasters, has caused considerable personal injury and property damage throughout the world. To better cope with the problem of waterlogging, the experts have developed many waterlogging models that can accurately simulate the process of pipe network drainage and water accumulation. The study of urban waterlogging involves many data types. These data come from the departments of hydrology, meteorology, planning, surveying, and mapping, etc. The incoordination of space\u2013time scale and format standard has brought huge obstacles to the study of urban waterlogging. This is not conducive to interpretation, transmission, and visualization in today\u2019s network environment. In this paper, the entities and attributes related to waterlogging are defined. Based on the five modules of urban drainage network, sub basin, dynamic water body, time series, and meteorological data, the corresponding UML (Unified Modeling Language) model is designed and constructed. On this basis, the urban waterlogging application domain extension model city waterlogging application domain extension (CTWLADE) is established. According to the characteristics of different types of data, two different methods based on FME object and citygml4j are proposed to realize the corresponding data integration, and KML (Keyhole Markup Language) \/glTF data organization form and the corresponding sharing method are proposed to solve the problem that the CTWLADE model data cannot be visualized directly on the web and cannot interact in three-dimensional format. To evaluate the CTWLADE, a prototype system was implemented, which can convert waterlogging-related multi-source data in extensible markup language (XML) files conform. The current CTWLADE can map the data required and provided by the hydraulic software tool storm water management model (SWMM) and is ready to be integrated into a Web 3D Service to provide the data for 3D dynamic visualization in interactive scenes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9060359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T11:49:21Z","timestamp":1591012161000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Constructing the CityGML ADE for the Multi-Source Data Integration of Urban Flooding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0119-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiemin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4106-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7331-9686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Reznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Expounding the Governance to Water Disaster of City During the Process of Rapid Urbanization","volume":"2","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"China Public Secur."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"127","article-title":"Research of the Natural Disaster Risk on Coastal Cities","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"170","article-title":"Urban risk assessment research of major natural disasters in China","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"262","article-title":"The study on dtorm-born surface water accumulation in downtown area of Shanghai","volume":"60","author":"Zhou","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kefi, M., Mishra, B., Kumar, P., Masago, Y., and Fukushi, K. (2018). Assessment of tangible direct flood damage using a spatial analysis approach under the effects of climate change: Case study in an urban watershed in Hanoi, Vietnam. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7010029"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.51400\/2709-6998.2125","article-title":"A grid-based GIS approach to regional flood damage assessment","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.18814\/epiiugs\/1991\/v14i1\/003","article-title":"Hazard and risk assessments in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Hays","year":"1991","journal-title":"Episodes"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Ackere, S., Beullens, J., De Wulf, A., and De Maeyer, P. (2018). Data Extraction Algorithm for Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) to Estimate the Maximum Economic Damage of Buildings for Economic Impact Assessment of Floods in Flanders, Belgium. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7070272"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1360\/N972016-01080","article-title":"Review on emergency management of urban rainstorm and waterlogging disaster based on big data fusion","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"110","article-title":"Research on seamless integration of multi-source spatial data","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"741","article-title":"Research on dynamic integration and application of spatial data based on GML","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fuzhou Univ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, X., Wright, G., Cheng, J.C.P., Li, X., and Liu, R. (2017). A State-of-the-Art Review on the Integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS). ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6020053"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6ger, G., Kolbe, T.H., Nagel, C., and H\u00e4fele, K.H. (2019, October 18). OGC 12-019 OpenGIS City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) Encoding Standard. Available online: http:\/\/www.opengeospatial.org\/standards\/citygml."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Maidment, D.R. (2002). Arc Hydro: GIS for Water Resources, ESRI, Inc."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"6824","article-title":"The evolution of the CUAHSI Water Markup Language (WaterML)","volume":"11","author":"Zaslavsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"EGU Gen. Assem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2013.174","article-title":"WaterML2.0: Development of an open standard for hydrological time-series data exchange","volume":"16","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydroinform."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"24","article-title":"Summarization and prospection for the studies on China\u2019s urban water logging","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Probl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2005.12.005","article-title":"A review of models for low impact urban stormwater drainage","volume":"22","author":"Elliott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Rossman, L.A. (2020, May 02). Available online: https:\/\/www.owp.csus.edu\/LIDTool\/Content\/PDF\/SWMM5Manual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(04)00373-7","article-title":"Potential and limitations of 1D modelling of urban flooding","volume":"299","author":"Mark","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(04)00374-9","article-title":"Analysis and modeling of flooding in urban drainage systems","volume":"299","author":"Schmitt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.11.026","article-title":"Modeling floods in a dense urban area using 2D shallow water equations","volume":"327","author":"Mignot","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Cen, G.P., and Shen, J. (1995). Application of maskingen method in flow calculation of rainwater pipeline. J. Xi\u2019an Univ. Technol., 275\u2013279."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Cen, G.P. (1990). Calculation model of urban rainwater runoff. J. Hydraul. Eng., 68\u201375."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Zhou, Y.W., Meng, Z.L., and Song, J. (1995). Simulation technology of nonlinear motion wave method for urban rainwater pipe network. J. Water Supply Drain., 9\u201311."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.297","article-title":"Modeling of wastewater quality in an urban area during festival and rainy days","volume":"72","author":"Obaid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Huber, W.C., and Singh, V.P. (1995). EPA Storm Water Management Model\u2014SWMM. Comput. Models Watershed Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2007.05.005","article-title":"Using SWMM as a tool for hydrologic impact assessment","volume":"212","author":"Jang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhao, L., Chao, Z., and Shi, B. (2018). Review and Optimization of Carrying Capacity of Urban Drainage System Based on ArcGIS and SWMM Model. Adv. Hydroinform.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7218-5_51"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Li, M. (2015). Study on Urban Flood Simulation under Extreme Rainfall Based on Mike, Xi\u2019an University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Simulation study on the impact of rainwater utilization measures on urban rainwater and flood based on infoworks CS","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Power"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Sopariya, H. (2020, May 02). Design of Sewer Network Using SewerGEMS V8i Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/15895873\/Design_of_Sanitary_Sewer_Network_using_SewerGEMS_V8i_Software."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3041256","article-title":"Coupling land use change modeling with climate projections to estimate seasonal variability in runoff from an urbanizing catchment near Cincinnati, Ohio","volume":"3","author":"Mitsova","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, D., Chen, M., Lu, Y., Yue, S., and Hou, T. (2019). Research on the Construction Method of the Service-Oriented Web-SWMM System. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8060268"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Zhang, D.D., Yan, D.H., Wang, Y.C., Lu, F., and Liu, S.H. (2014). Research Progress on Risk Assessment and Integrated Strategies for Urban Pluvial Flooding. J. Catastr., 144\u2013149."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Schulte, C., and Coors, V. (2008). Development of a CityGML ADE for Dynamic 3D Flood Information. Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, Proceedings of the Information Systems for Crisis Response & Management-joint Iscram-china & Gi4dm Conference, Beijing, China, 27 August 2018, Springer."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Basic, F., Handmer, J., and Cartwright, W. An Evaluation of the Flood Warning Information System. Proceedings of the MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Available online: http:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/4086\/c44a1bddc4d27a0a759d1fa00b99853ef0a1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-018-0042-y","article-title":"The Energy Application Domain Extension for CityGML: Enhancing interoperability for urban energy simulations","volume":"3","author":"Agugiaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u0159eb\u00ed\u010dek, J., Denzer, R., Schimak, G., and Pitner, T. (2017). Flood Modelling and Visualizations of Floods Through 3D Open Data. Environmental Software Systems. Computer Science for Environmental Protection, Proceeding of the 12th IFIP WG 5.11 International Symposium, ISESS 2017, Zadar, Croatia, 10\u201312 May 2017, Springer International Publishing. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-89935-0"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2016.05.004","article-title":"3D modeling of the ownership structure of condominium units","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosser, J.F., Long, G., Zakhary, S., Boyd, D.S., Mao, Y., and Robinson, D. (2019). Modelling Urban Housing Stocks for Building Energy Simulation Using CityGML EnergyADE. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8040163"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Liu, Y., Lin, C., Zhou, L., Lin, B., and Che, M. (2019). Development of a CityGML Application Domain Extension for Simulating the Building Construction Process. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8120576"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-015-0498-5","article-title":"Web 3D GIS Application for Flood Simulation and Querying Through Open Source Technology","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6ger, G., Kolbe, T.H., Czerwinski, A., and Nagel, C. (2008). OpenGIS City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) Encoding Standard, Open Geospatial Consortium. Available online: http:\/\/mediatum.ub.tum.de\/doc\/1145755\/file.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-017-0036-1","article-title":"The VI-Suite: A set of environmental analysis tools with geospatial data applications","volume":"2","author":"Southall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4042842","article-title":"Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review","volume":"4","author":"Biljecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.04.004","article-title":"CityGML\u2014Interoperable semantic 3D city models","volume":"71","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-018-0055-6","article-title":"CityGML Application Domain Extension (ADE ): Overview of developments","volume":"3","author":"Biljecki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12026","article-title":"UML-based approach to developing a citygml application domain extension","volume":"17","author":"Stoter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, T., Nagel, C., and Kolbe, T.H. (2013). Semantic 3D modeling of multi-utility networks in cities for analysis and 3D visualization. Lect. Notes Geoinf. Cartogr., 41\u201362.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29793-9_3"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"113","article-title":"Research on dynamic diffusion algorithm with source term of water volume in waterlogging","volume":"38","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Hu, M., Che, W., Lin, H., and Fang, C. (2018). Framework for Virtual Cognitive Experiment in VirtualGeographic Environments. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7010036"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B2-663-2016","article-title":"Cognitive Aspects of Collaboration in 3D Virtual Environments","volume":"Volume XLI-B2","author":"Jurik","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Vozenilek, V. (2005). Cartography for GIS: Geovisualization and Map Communication, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herman, L., Jurik, V., Stachon, Z., Vrbik, D., Russnak, J., and Reznik, T. (2018). Evaluation of User Performance in Interactive and Static 3D Maps. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7110415"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Horvath, I., and Opiyo, E.Z. (2008, January 21\u201325). Evaluation of Holographic Displays\u2014Are they 3D Visualiztion Solution for Conceptual Design? . Proceedings of the TMCE 2008 Conference, Izmir, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/23729333.2017.1288534","article-title":"User Studies in Cartography: Opportunities for Empirical Research on Interactive Maps and Visualizations","volume":"3","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.10.3.2","article-title":"Eye-tracking Analysis of Interactive 3D Geovisualizations","volume":"10","author":"Herman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Dong, W., and Meng, L. (2017). Using Eye Tracking to Explore the Guidance and Constancy of Visual Variables in 3D Visualization. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6090274"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.14714\/CP90.1411","article-title":"The Design and Testing of 3DmoveR: An Experimental Tool for Usability Studies of Interactive 3D Maps","volume":"90","author":"Herman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cartogr. Perspect."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/6\/359\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:34:02Z","timestamp":1760175242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/6\/359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9060359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9060359","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]}}}