{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T21:32:31Z","timestamp":1762896751692,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]],"date-time":"2020-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Augmented reality (AR), in conjunction with 3D geovisualization methods, can provide significant support in monitoring geoconservation activities in protected geosites, such as the excavation process in fossil sites. The excavation process requires a monitoring methodology that will provide a complete and accurate overview of the fossils, their dimensions, and location within the different pyroclastic horizons, and the progress of the excavation works. The main purpose of this paper is the development of a user-friendly augmented map application, specifically designed for tracking the position of petrified tree trunks, providing information for their geometric features, and mapping the spatiotemporal changes occurring in the surrounding space. It also aims to probe whether the rapid acquisition of a 4K video can generate cartographic derivatives of petrified findings during a geosite excavation. A database accumulated 2D and 3D cartographic information, while the geovisualization environment displayed the surface alterations, at two scales: a) 1:500 (excavation area) and b) 1:50 (trench level). Unmanned aerial systems (UASs), used for data acquisition in three excavation periods, consisted of two flights at two different altitudes: one to record changes throughout the study area and the other to provide information on trunks at trench level, via a high-resolution (4K) video. Image-based 3D modeling followed, in which image georeferencing was conducted with ground control points (GCPs). Finally, 2D and 3D geovisualizations were created to depict the excavation changes through time. The cartographic products generated at two cartographic scales depicted the spatiotemporal changes of the excavation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9060374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T04:19:39Z","timestamp":1591676379000},"page":"374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Geovisualization of the Excavation Process in the Lesvos Petrified Forest, Greece Using Augmented Reality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ermioni-Eirini","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vlasios","family":"Kasapakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6932-2986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Vasilakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6464-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apostolos","family":"Papakonstantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Zouros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasia","family":"Chroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Soulakellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goralski, R., and Gold, C. (2008). Marine GIS: Progress in 3D Visualization for Dynamic GIS. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68566-1_23"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-018-0305-0","article-title":"Methodologies to Represent and Promote the Geoheritage Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Multimedia Technologies, and Augmented Reality","volume":"10","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-014-0118-8","article-title":"New Digital Technologies Applied to the Management of Geoheritage","volume":"6","author":"Cayla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lerma, J.L., and Garc\u00eda, A. (2004, January 25\u201327). 3D City Modelling and Visualization of Historical Centers. Proceedings of the CIPA Internacional Workshop of Vision Techniques applied to the Rehabilitation of City Centres, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-018-1992-9","article-title":"Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Geosciences: Introduction","volume":"175","author":"Niedzielski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1071\/PVv2017n189p32","article-title":"Environmental Geophysics","volume":"2017","author":"Hatch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Preview"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.05.011","article-title":"Reproducibility of UAV-based earth topography reconstructions based on Structure-from-Motion algorithms","volume":"260","author":"Clapuyt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"\u201cStructure-from-Motion\u201d photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Reu, J. (2018). Image-Based 3D Modeling. The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119188230.saseas0316"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2012.01.011","article-title":"Archeological excavation monitoring using dense stereo matching techniques","volume":"14","author":"Dellepiane","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/00934690.2017.1338118","article-title":"The Application of SfM Photogrammetry Software for Extracting Artifact Provenience from Palaeolithic Excavation Surfaces","volume":"42","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Field Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-017-1730-8","article-title":"UAV and SfM in Detailed Geomorphological Mapping of Granite Tors: An Example of Staro\u015bci\u0144skie Ska\u0142y (Sudetes, SW Poland)","volume":"175","author":"Kasprzak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, Y., and Hong, S. (2019). Three-Dimensional Digital Documentation of Cultural Heritage Site Based on the Convergence of Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8020053"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355","article-title":"A Survey of Augmented Reality","volume":"6","author":"Azuma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-16-287-2016","article-title":"Mobile augmented reality in support of building damage and safety assessment","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(2007)21:5(303)","article-title":"Evaluation of Augmented Reality for Rapid Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Building Damage","volume":"21","author":"Kamat","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sieka\u0144ski, P., Micho\u0144ski, J., Bunsch, E., and Sitnik, R. (2018). CATCHA: Real-Time Camera Tracking Method for Augmented Reality Applications in Cultural Heritage Interiors. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7120479"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panou, C., Ragia, L., Dimelli, D., and Mania, K. (2018). An Architecture for Mobile Outdoors Augmented Reality for Cultural Heritage. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7120463"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertok, C., Lozar, F., Magagna, A., Giordano, E., D\u2019Atri, A., Dela Pierre, F., Natalicchio, M., Martire, L., Clari, P., and Violanti, D. (2014). Virtual Tours Through Earth\u2019s History and Palaeoclimate: Examples from the Piemonte (Northwestern Italy) Geoheritage (PROGEO-Piemonte Project). Springer Geology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04364-7_60"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-016-0208-x","article-title":"Application of Modern Technologies in Popularization of the Czech Volcanic Geoheritage","volume":"9","author":"Rapprich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gra\u00f1a, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Delgado, J.\u00c1., Ramos, C., and Gonzalo, J.C. (2018). Augmented Reality and Valorizing the Mesozoic Geological Heritage (Burgos, Spain). Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124616"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2013.2294314","article-title":"Augmented Reality for Construction Site Monitoring and Documentation","volume":"102","author":"Zollmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3317552","article-title":"Development of an Augmented Reality Tour Guide for a Cultural Heritage Site","volume":"12","author":"Koo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6995(03)00031-7","article-title":"Prodeinotherium bavaricum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from Lesvos island, Greece; the appearance of deinotheres in the eastern Mediterranean","volume":"36","author":"Koufos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geobios"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s12542-017-0352-x","article-title":"Early Miocene gastropod and ectothermic vertebrate remains from the Lesvos Petrified Forest (Greece)","volume":"91","author":"Vasileiadou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PalZ"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zouros, N.C. (2010). The Petrified Forest of Lesvos A Unique Natural Monument. Natural Heritage from East to West, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01577-9_2"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soulakellis, N., Tataris, G., Papadopoulou, E.-E., Chatzistamatis, S., Vasilakos, C., Kavroudakis, D., Roussou, O., and Papakonstantinou, A. (2019). Synergistic Exploitation of Geoinformation Methods for Post-earthquake 3D Mapping and Damage Assessment. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05330-7_1"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2020, May 14). Agisoft LLC Agisoft PhotoScan User Manual: Professional Edition, Version 1.2. Available online: https:\/\/www.agisoft.com\/pdf\/photoscan-pro_1_2_en.pdf."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/6\/374\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:36:25Z","timestamp":1760175385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/6\/374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9060374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9060374","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]]}}}