{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:00:34Z","timestamp":1760238034518,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0608"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The new wave of modern rail transit and the proposal of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) have complicated the business patterns of the rolling stock manufacturing industry (RSMI) and the export of rolling stock products, especially in the case of countries participating in the BRI. Based on the analysis of trade patterns\u2014which focuses on the evolution of trade links, community structures, and intraregional export competitiveness\u2014this study aims to explore the changes in the RSMI within the BRI region from 2003 to 2017. Sequential clustering was applied to the creation of a three-phase timeline. The network models of the cumulative trade of the rolling stock products and trades of two typical categories of products were constructed in each phase for the evolution analysis. Social network analysis methods, such as the analysis of network indices and community detection, were also applied. The results show that from 2003 to 2017, the connectivity of the rolling stock trade in this region significantly increased. China was the largest exporter, with increasing trade influence and technological strength. Ukraine and Russia were less competitive and highly mutually dependent. Czechia and Austria\u2019s competitiveness remained prominent, but compared with China they lacked expansive vitality. South Korea was also an active and competitive country with strong technological prowess. These countries accounted for the majority of the exports, and were always at the center of their own separate communities, over which they maintained a sphere of influence. The grouping of countries far from any such spheres of influence changed frequently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9070431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T10:45:19Z","timestamp":1594291519000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Using Social Networks to Analyze the Spatiotemporal Patterns of the Rolling Stock Manufacturing Industry for Countries in the Belt and Road Initiative"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yuanhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geodata and Analysis, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geodata and Analysis, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Sigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geodata and Analysis, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geodata and Analysis, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2148\/benv.35.1.70","article-title":"Are Railways Climate Friendly?","volume":"35","author":"Givoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.02.038","article-title":"Can urban rail transit curb automobile energy consumption?","volume":"105","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2012.10.002","article-title":"Discussions on rail in urban areas and rail history","volume":"41","author":"Aydin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. 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