{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:42:08Z","timestamp":1771339328649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial metadata is a critical part of any spatial data infrastructure, which enables the organising, sharing, discovery and use of spatial data. This paper highlights a knowledge gap in the usability of the metadata systems for the end\u2013users. It then addresses the gap by applying the User Centred Design approach to investigate the usability of metadata records. The research engages with end\u2013users concerning efficiency and effectiveness of metadata systems, and end\u2013users\u2019 satisfaction and expectations. The results indicate significant gaps with the effectiveness and efficiency of metadata systems for spatial data discovery and selection. Inconsistency and irrelevant information in the metadata records were found in the title, keywords, abstracts, data quality and other elements of the metadata. Additionally, essential improvements were identified for user interfaces. Discouraging presentation of the metadata is a prominent problem found in the interface of the metadata systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9070463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T03:23:16Z","timestamp":1595388196000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Spatial Metadata Usability Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Kalantari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9730-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syahrudin","family":"Syahrudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Geospatial Agency, Jakarta 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Rajabifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hardi","family":"Subagyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Bogor 16115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Han, H., Giles, C.L., Manavoglu, E., Zha, H., Zhang, Z., and Fox, E.A. (2003, January 27\u201331). Automatic document metadata extraction using support vector machines. Proceedings of the IEEE 2003 Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kalantari, M., Rajabifard, A., and Olfat, H. (October, January 28). Spatial metadata automation: A new approach. Proceedings of the SSC2009, Spatial Science Conference, Adelaide, Australia."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2016.1154805","article-title":"Automatic spatial metadata systems\u2013the case of Australian urban research infrastructure network","volume":"44","author":"Kalantari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. 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