{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:37:18Z","timestamp":1774611438145,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional methods based on field campaigns are generally used to assess the performance of irrigation schemes in Burkina Faso, resulting in labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly processes. Despite their extensive application for such performance assessment, remote sensing (RS)-based approaches remain very much underutilized in Burkina Faso. Using multi-temporal Landsat images within the Python module for the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land model, we investigated the spatiotemporal performance patterns of the Kou Valley irrigation scheme (KVIS) during two consecutive cropping seasons. Four performance indicators (depleted fraction, relative evapotranspiration, uniformity of water consumption, and crop water productivity) for rice, maize, and sweet potato were calculated and compared against standard values. Overall, the performance of the KVIS varied depending on year, crop, and the crop\u2019s geographical position in the irrigation scheme. A gradient of spatially varied relative evapotranspiration was observed across the scheme, with the uniformity of water consumption being fair to good. Although rice was the most cultivated, a shift to more sweet potato farming could be adopted to benefit more from irrigation, given the relatively good performance achieved by this crop. Our findings ascertain the potential of such RS-based cost-effective methodologies to serve as basis for improved irrigation water management in decision support tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9080484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T09:28:57Z","timestamp":1597138137000},"page":"484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Spatiotemporal Assessment of Irrigation Performance of the Kou Valley Irrigation Scheme in Burkina Faso Using Satellite Remote Sensing-Derived Indicators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alidou","family":"Sawadogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uludag, G\u00f6r\u00fckle Kamp\u00fcs\u00fc, Nil\u00fcfer, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9669-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Kouadio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Climate Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0336-040X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid","family":"Traor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de l\u2019Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Guisga Street, Ouagadougou, P.O. Box 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5091-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander J.","family":"Zwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Cantonments, Accra, PMB CT 112, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Hessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Postbus 5, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kemal Sulhi","family":"G\u00fcndo\u011fdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uludag, G\u00f6r\u00fckle Kamp\u00fcs\u00fc, Nil\u00fcfer, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blatchford, M.L., Karimi, P., Bastiaanssen, W.G.M., and Nouri, H. (2018). From Global Goals to Local Gains\u2014A Framework for Crop Water Productivity. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7110414"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Study on the Productivity of Irrigation Water at Maize (Zea Mays)","volume":"3","author":"Stoyanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Agric."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2012.09.013","article-title":"A public-private partnership experience in the management of an irrigation scheme using decision-support tools in Burkina Faso","volume":"116","author":"Wellens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/02626660009492337","article-title":"Evaporation of grass under non-restricted soil moisture conditions","volume":"45","author":"Stricker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Turner, K., Georgiou, S., Clark, R., Brouwer, R., and Burke, J. (2004). Economic Valuation of Water Resources in Agriculture. From the Sectoral to a Functional Perspective of Natural Resource Management, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Volume Water Reports 27."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waller, P., and Yitayew, M. (2016). Introduction. Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05699-9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wrr.2015.05.001","article-title":"Performance of small reservoir irrigated schemes in the Upper Volta basin: Case studies in Burkina Faso and Ghana","volume":"6","author":"Poussin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Rural Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"FAO (2014). Country Fact Sheet on Food and Agriculture Policy Trends\u2014Burkina Faso, April 2014, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traor\u00e9, F., Bonkoungou, J., Compaor\u00e9, J., Kouadio, L., Wellens, J., Hallot, E., and Tychon, B. (2019). Using multi-temporal landsat images and support vector machine to assess the changes in agricultural irrigated areas in the Mogtedo region, Burkina Faso. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121442"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10795-005-2970-9","article-title":"Performance assessment of irrigation water management of heterogeneous irrigation schemes: 1. A framework for evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Gorantiwar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Murray-Rust, D.H., and Snellen, W.B. (1993). Irrigation system Performance Assessment and Diagnosis, International Irrigation Management Institute."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005826407118","article-title":"Performance indicators for irrigation and drainage","volume":"11","author":"Bos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, M.G., Burton, M.A., and Molden, D.J. (2005). Irrigation and Drainage Performance Assessment\u2014Practical Guidelines, CABI Publishing.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851999678.0000"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006355315251","article-title":"Irrigation Performance Indicators Based on Remotely Sensed Data: A Review of Literature","volume":"13","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/ird.21","article-title":"Application des indicateurs \u201capprovisionnement relatif en eau\u201d et \u201cproductivit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau\u201d \u00e0 l\u2019analyse des performances des petits p\u00e9rim\u00e8tres irrigu\u00e9s au Burkina Faso","volume":"50","author":"Ouattara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/ird.647","article-title":"Assessment of irrigation system performance in south-western Burkina Faso","volume":"61","author":"Yacouba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05019004","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001386","article-title":"Evaluation and Proposals for Improving Irrigation Performance Around Small Reservoirs in Burkina Faso","volume":"145","author":"Kambou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Som\u00e9, L., and Demb\u00e9l\u00e9, Y. (1996, January 9\u201313). P\u00e9joration climatique au Burkina Faso: Impacts sur les productions agricoles. Proceedings of the Recherches Scientifique Face Aux Probl\u00e8mes de L\u2019environnement. Actes de la 2\u00e8me \u00c9dition du Forum National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111413","article-title":"Status of accuracy in remotely sensed and in-situ agricultural water productivity estimates: A review","volume":"234","author":"Blatchford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017967021198","article-title":"Low cost satellite data for monthly irrigation performance monitoring: Benchmarks from Nilo Coelho, Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00271-009-0199-3","article-title":"A remote sensing-based irrigation performance assessment: A case study of the Office du Niger in Mali","volume":"28","author":"Zwart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05018002","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001306","article-title":"Remote sensing and gis techniques for assessing irrigation performance: Case study in Southern California","volume":"144","author":"Taghvaeian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3774(02)00132-4","article-title":"Monitoring irrigation performance in Sri Lanka with high-frequency satellite measurements during the dry season","volume":"58","author":"Bandara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2006.10.019","article-title":"Monitoring irrigation performance in Esfahan, Iran, using NOAA satellite imagery","volume":"88","author":"Akbari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2008.09.017","article-title":"Diagnosing irrigation performance and water productivity through satellite remote sensing and secondary data in a large irrigation system of Pakistan","volume":"96","author":"Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Guinko, S. (1984). V\u00e9g\u00e9tation de Haute Volta. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux]."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Traor\u00e9, F. (2012). Optimisation de l\u2019utilisation des Ressources en eau du Bassin du Kou Pour des Usages Agricoles. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2012.744100","article-title":"Monitoring the evolution of irrigated areas with Landsat images using backward and forward change detection analysis in the Kou watershed, Burkina Faso","volume":"28","author":"Cornet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Wellens, J., Diallo, M., Compaore, N.F., Derouane, J., and Tychon, B. (2007). Renforcement Structurel de la Capacit\u00e9 de Gestion des Ressources en eau Pour L\u2019agriculture Dans le Bassin du Kou, APEFE-WBI. Rapport Technique 1 (2005\u20132006)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ou\u00e9draogo, S. (1993). Analyse \u00c9conomique de L\u2019allocation des Facteurs de Production Dans Les Exploitations Rizicoles de la VALL\u00c9E du Kou, CNRST\/INERA."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Dicko, D. (2004). Evaluation des Performances Sur le P\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de la Vall\u00e9e du Kou, Projet APPIA-EIERGEeau."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Wellens, J., Diallo, M., Nitcheu, M., Traor\u00e9, F., Midekor, A., Sawadogo, B., and Tychon, B. (June, January 30). Appropriation of decision support tools derived results in the public-private management of an irrigation scheme in Burkina Faso. Proceedings of the Conf\u00e9rence Watarid 3\u2014Usages et Politiques de L\u2019eau en Zones Arides et Semi-Arides, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00253-4","article-title":"A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL). 1. Formulation","volume":"212\u2013213","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1029\/2001WR000386","article-title":"Satellite surveillance of evaporative depletion across the Indus Basin","volume":"38","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M. (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Volume Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Allen, R.G. (2016). REF-ET: Reference Evapotranspiration Calculation Software for FAO and ASCE Standardized Equations. Reference Manual, University of Idaho."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(02)00034-8","article-title":"A new crop yield forecasting model based on satellite measurements applied across the Indus Basin, Pakistan","volume":"94","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2007.02.002","article-title":"SEBAL for detecting spatial variation of water productivity and scope for improvement in eight irrigated wheat systems","volume":"89","author":"Zwart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Bucur, D. (2018). Influence of Landsat revisit frequency on time-integration of evapotranspiration for agricultural water management. Advanced Evapotranspiration Methods and Applications, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1994.00021962008600060010x","article-title":"Water-yield relationships for irrigated and dryland wheat in the US Southern Plains","volume":"86","author":"Musick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2007.04.021","article-title":"Evaporation mapping at two scales using optical imagery in the White Volta Basin, Upper East Ghana","volume":"33","author":"Hendrickx","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.3390\/s8042736","article-title":"Intercomparison of evapotranspiration over the savannah Volta Basin in West Africa using remote sensing data","volume":"8","author":"Donoghue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W11512","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR010482","article-title":"Surface energy balance and actual evapotranspiration of the transboundary Indus Basin estimated from satellite measurements and the ETLook model","volume":"48","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"FAO, and IHE Delft (2019). WaPOR Quality Assessment: Technical Report on the Data Quality of the WaPOR FAO Database Version 1.0, FAO."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"UNDESAPD (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/352), United Nations."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10795-004-0754-2","article-title":"Using the depleted fraction to manage the groundwater table in irrigated areas","volume":"18","author":"Bos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Bos, M.G., Kselik, R.A., Allen, R.G., and Molden, D. (2009). Water Requirements for Irrigation and the Environment, Springer."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Molden, D. (1997). Accounting for Water Use and Productivity, International Water Management Institute. Volume IWMI\/SWIM Paper No. 1."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(1990)116:6(804)","article-title":"Performance measures for evaluation of irrigation-water-delivery systems","volume":"116","author":"Molden","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(08)60569-6","article-title":"Using genotype-by-environment interaction for crop cultivar development","volume":"Volume 62","author":"Sparks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Gallais, A. (1990). Th\u00e9orie de la S\u00e9lection en Am\u00e9lioration des Plantes, Masson."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007982411718","article-title":"Relating crop water consumption to irrigation water supply by remote sensing","volume":"11","author":"Roerink","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"79","article-title":"Assessment of irrigation performance using remote sensing technique at Tono irrigation area in the Upper East region of Ghana","volume":"1","author":"Asaana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhtar, F., Awan, U.K., Tischbein, B., and Liaqat, U.W. (2018). Assessment of irrigation performance in large river basins under data scarce environment\u2014A case of Kabul river basin, Afghanistan. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201804.0133.v1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01102762","article-title":"Diagnosis of regional evaporation by remote sensing to support irrigation performance assessment","volume":"10","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kijne, J.W., Barker, R., and Molden, D. (2003). Improving water productivity in agriculture: Editors\u2019 overview. Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement, CABI and International Water Management Institute (IWMI).","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996691.0000"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2009.05.005","article-title":"Increasing productivity in irrigated agriculture: Agronomic constraints and hydrological realities","volume":"96","author":"Perry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"DRASA-Ouest (2014). Production Saisonni\u00e8re Sur la Plaine de la Vall\u00e9e du Kou de 2008 \u00e0 2014, Direction R\u00e9gionale de L\u2019agriculture et de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Alimentaire (DRASA)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Demb\u00e9l\u00e9, Y., Dakouo, D., Ouedraogo, J., Siambo, E., Traor\u00e9, Y., and Nishiyama, N. (2006, January 6\u20139). Creation et diffusion des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s type NERICA au Burkina Faso. Proceedings of the Atelier Conjoint Pour Une Riziculture Durable en Afrique, Accra, Ghana."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"MASA (2014). Catalogue National des Esp\u00e8ces et Vari\u00e9t\u00e9s Agricoles du Burkina Faso. Premi\u00e8re \u00c9dition Comit\u00e9 National des Semences, Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Agriculture et de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Alimentaire (MASA)."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"FAO (2003). Unlocking the Water Potential of Agriculture, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Steduto, P., Hsiao, C.T., Fereres, E., and Raes, D. (2012). Crop Yield Response to Water, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Volume FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 66."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Hessels, T., van Opstal, J., Trambauer, P., Bastiaanssen, W.G.M., Faouzi, M., Mohamed, Y., and Er-Raji, A. (2020, July 30). pySEBAL Version 3.3.7. Available online: https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/SEBAL\/."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"ESRI (2010). Arcgis Desktop: Release 10, Technical Report, Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Storey, J., Scaramuzza, P., and Schmidt, G. (2005, January 23\u201327). Landsat 7 scan line corrector-off gap filled product development. Proceedings of the PECORA 16 Conference Proceedings, Sioux Falls, SD, USA."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.12.033","article-title":"Time series trends of Landsat-based ET using automated calibration in METRIC and SEBAL: The Bekaa Valley, Lebanon","volume":"238","author":"Jaafar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2007.07.010","article-title":"An adaptive inverse-distance weighting spatial interpolation technique","volume":"34","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2012.09.011","article-title":"Fast image interpolation using directional inverse distance weighting for real-time applications","volume":"286","author":"Jing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Doorenbos, J., and Kassam, A.H. (1979). Yield Response to Water, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Volume FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 33."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"FAO (1992). Maize in Human Nutrition, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Lang, J. (2001). Notes of a Potato Watcher, Texas A&M University Press."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Nitcheu, M., Mid\u00e9kor, A., and Sawadogo, B. (2014). Restitution des Travaux de Suivi de la Campagne Saison S\u00e8che 2014 Sur le P\u00e9rim\u00e8tre Rizicole de la Vall\u00e9e du Kou, AEDE\/OE."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javadian, M., Behrangi, A., Gholizadeh, M., and Tajrishy, M. (2019). METRIC and WaPOR Estimates of Evapotranspiration over the Lake Urmia Basin: Comparative Analysis and Composite Assessment. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11081647"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2004.04.007","article-title":"Review of measured crop water productivity values for irrigated wheat, rice, cotton and maize","volume":"69","author":"Zwart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"569","article-title":"Gestion de l\u2019eau et de l\u2019azote en riziculture irrigu\u00e9e au Burkina Faso","volume":"14","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cah. Agric."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(10)05005-4","article-title":"Chapter 5\u2014Variability in Harvest Index of Grain Crops and Potential Significance for Carbon Accounting: Examples from Australian Agriculture","volume":"Volume 105","author":"Unkovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1626\/pps.8.221","article-title":"Increasing Water Productivity in Rice-Based Systems in Asia\u2014Past Trends, Current Problems, and Future Prospects","volume":"8","author":"Dawe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wopereis, M.C.S., Johnson, D.E., Ahmadi, N., Tollens, E., and Jollah, A. (2013). 21 Assessing and Improving Water Productivity of Irrigated Rice Systems in Africa. Realizing Africa\u2019s Rice Promise, CAB International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845938123.0000"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Bos, M.G., Abdel-Dayem, S., Bastiaanssen, W.G.M., and Vidal, A. (2001, January 15\u201316). Remote sensing for water management: The drainage component. Proceedings of the World Bank Expert Consultation, organized by ICID, IPTRID, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), and WaterWatch, Ede-Wageningen, The Netherlands."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/8\/484\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:59:07Z","timestamp":1760176747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/8\/484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9080484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9080484","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]}}}