{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:14:40Z","timestamp":1772612080493,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ISPRS Scientific Initiative 2019","award":["GeoBIM benchmark"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GeoBIM benchmark"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["707404 - \"Multisource spatial data integration for smart city applications\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["707404 - \"Multisource spatial data integration for smart city applications\""]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["677312 - \"Urban modelling in higher dimensions\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["677312 - \"Urban modelling in higher dimensions\""]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of 3D city models with Building Information Models (BIM), coined as GeoBIM, facilitates improved data support to several applications, e.g., 3D map updates, building permits issuing, detailed city analysis, infrastructure design, context-based building design, to name a few. To solve the integration, several issues need to be tackled and solved, i.e., harmonization of features, interoperability, format conversions, integration of procedures. The GeoBIM benchmark 2019, funded by ISPRS and EuroSDR, evaluated the state of implementation of tools addressing some of those issues. In particular, in the part of the benchmark described in this paper, the application of georeferencing to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) models and making consistent conversions between 3D city models and BIM are investigated, considering the OGC CityGML and buildingSMART IFC as reference standards. In the benchmark, sample datasets in the two reference standards were provided. External volunteers were asked to describe and test georeferencing procedures for IFC models and conversion tools between CityGML and IFC. From the analysis of the delivered answers and processed datasets, it was possible to notice that while there are tools and procedures available to support georeferencing and data conversion, comprehensive definition of the requirements, clear rules to perform such two tasks, as well as solid technological solutions implementing them, are still lacking in functionalities. Those specific issues can be a sensible starting point for planning the next GeoBIM integration agendas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9090502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T21:28:06Z","timestamp":1598218086000},"page":"502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2269-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Noardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Geoinformation, Delft University of Technology, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3252-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Harrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9863-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Arroyo Ohori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Geoinformation, Delft University of Technology, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-7749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Biljecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Real Estate, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9791-0259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Ellul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Krijnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Geoinformation, Delft University of Technology, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dogus","family":"Guler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Hintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safe Software, Surrey, BC V3T 0M1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2692-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojgan","family":"Jadidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Cartogr\u00e0fic i Geol\u00f2gic de Catalunya, 08038 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4200-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santi","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Cartogr\u00e0fic i Geol\u00f2gic de Catalunya, 08038 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ville-Pekka","family":"Soini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4200-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudi","family":"Stouffs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Jernej","family":"Tekavec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1393-7279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jantien","family":"Stoter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Geoinformation, Delft University of Technology, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, X., Wright, G., Cheng, J.C., Li, X., and Liu, R. 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