{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:39:27Z","timestamp":1780432767254,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA19090114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19090114"]}]},{"name":"The CAS Zhejiang Institute of Advanced Technology Fund","award":["ZK-CX-2018-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK-CX-2018-04"]}]},{"name":"The Jiashan Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2018A08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018A08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solar3D is an open-source software application designed to interactively calculate solar irradiation on three-dimensional (3D) surfaces in a virtual environment constructed with combinations of 3D-city models, digital elevation models (DEMs), digital surface models (DSMs) and feature layers. The GRASS GIS r.sun solar radiation model computes solar irradiation based on two-dimensional (2D) raster maps for a given day, latitude, surface and atmospheric conditions. With the increasing availability of 3D-city models and demand for solar energy, there is an urgent need for better tools to computes solar radiation directly with 3D-city models. Solar3D extends the GRASS GIS r.sun model from 2D to 3D by feeding the model with input, including surface slope, aspect and time-resolved shading, which is derived directly from the 3D scene using computer graphics techniques. To summarize, Solar3D offers several new features that\u2014as a whole\u2014distinguish this novel approach from existing 3D solar irradiation tools in the following ways. (1) Solar3D can consume massive heterogeneous 3D-city models, including massive 3D-city models such as oblique airborne photogrammetry-based 3D-city models (OAP3Ds or integrated meshes); (2) Solar3D can perform near real-time pointwise calculation for duration from daily to annual; (3) Solar3D can integrate and interactively explore large-scale heterogeneous geospatial data; (4) Solar3D can calculate solar irradiation at arbitrary surface positions including on rooftops, facades and the ground.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9090524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T08:53:43Z","timestamp":1598950423000},"page":"524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Solar3D: An Open-Source Tool for Estimating Solar Radiation in Urban Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4043-6816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianming","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang-CAS Application Center for Geoinformatics, Jiashan 314100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang-CAS Application Center for Geoinformatics, Jiashan 314100, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuping","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang-CAS Application Center for Geoinformatics, Jiashan 314100, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1699(02)00115-1","article-title":"A geometric solar radiation model with applications in agriculture and forestry","volume":"37","author":"Fu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. 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Available online: https:\/\/youtu.be\/6zWNaCaH-RE."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/9\/524\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:05:33Z","timestamp":1760177133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/9\/524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9090524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9090524","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}}}