{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T12:10:34Z","timestamp":1773317434053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Landslides can cause severe problems to the social and economic well-being. In order to effectively mitigate landslide hazards, the development of detailed susceptibility maps is required, towards implementing targeted risk management plans. This study aims to create detailed landslide susceptibility (LS) and landslide risk (LR) maps of the Sperchios River basin by applying an expert semi-quantitative approach that integrates the Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based multicriteria analysis and Earth Observation (EO) data. Adopting the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for a weighted linear combination (WLC) approach, eleven evaluation parameters were selected. The results were validated using a historic landslide database, enriched with new landslide locations mapped by satellite and aerial imagery interpretation and field surveys. Moreover, the landslide risk map of the area was also developed, based on the LS delineation, considering additionally the anthropogenic exposure and overall vulnerability of the area. The results showed that the most susceptible areas are located at the west and south-west regions of the basin. The synergistic use of GIS-based analysis and EO data can provide a useful tool for the design of natural hazards prevention policy at highly susceptible to risk landslide risk areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9090552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T10:24:09Z","timestamp":1600165449000},"page":"552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Earth Observation and GIS-Based Analysis for Landslide Susceptibility and Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Psomiadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikos","family":"Charizopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Efthimiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague\u2013Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2712-1676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos X.","family":"Soulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3357-2780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Charalampopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02590167","article-title":"A simple definition of a landslide","volume":"43","author":"Cruden","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol. Bull. l\u2019Assoc. Int. G\u00e9ol. l\u2019Ing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2011.01.014","article-title":"A GIS-based comparative study of frequency ratio, analytical hierarchy process, bivariate statistics and logistics regression methods for landslide susceptibility mapping in Trabzon, NE Turkey","volume":"85","author":"Yalcin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeps.2009.09.184","article-title":"GIS-based landslide hazard zonation model and its application","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Procedia Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.10.004","article-title":"Characterising spectral, spatial and morphometric properties of landslides for semi-automatic detection using object-oriented methods","volume":"116","author":"Martha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-010-0687-z","article-title":"Comparison of the implementation of rock engineering system and analytic hierarchy process methods, upon landslide susceptibility mapping, using GIS: A case study from the Eastern Achaia County of Peloponnesus, GREECE","volume":"63","author":"Rozos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-017-1010-y","article-title":"A comparative study of landslide susceptibility maps produced using support vector machine with different kernel functions and entropy data mining models in China","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-017-2980-6","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping using analytic hierarchy process and information value methods along a highway road section in Constantine, Algeria","volume":"10","author":"Achour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(99)00078-1","article-title":"Landslide hazard evaluation: A review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study, Central Italy","volume":"31","author":"Guzzetti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2019.1672904","article-title":"Landslide mapping with remote sensing: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"41","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NHAZ.0000007097.42735.9e","article-title":"Use of geomorphological information in indirect landslide susceptibility assessment","volume":"30","author":"Rengers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Psomiadis, E., Papazachariou, A., Soulis, K.X., Alexiou, D.S., and Charalampopoulos, I. (2020). Landslide mapping and susceptibility assessment using geospatial analysis and earth observation data. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9050133"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-009-9403-2","article-title":"Landslide hazard zonation in high risk areas of Rethymno Prefecture, Crete Island, Greece","volume":"52","author":"Kouli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.12681\/bgsg.17240","article-title":"Using GIS & Multicriteria Decision analysis in landslide susceptibility mapping\u2014A case study in Messinia prefecture area (SW Peloponnesus, Greece)","volume":"40","author":"Ladas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skilodimou, H., Bathrellos, G., Koskeridou, E., Soukis, K., and Rozos, D. (2018). Physical and Anthropogenic Factors Related to Landslide Activity in the Northern Peloponnese, Greece. Land, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/land7030085"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-019-01150-6","article-title":"Landslides induced by the 2010 Chile megathrust earthquake: A comprehensive inventory and correlations with geological and seismic factors","volume":"16","author":"Serey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chunga, K., Livio, F.A., Martillo, C., Lara-Saavedra, H., Ferrario, M.F., Zevallos, I., and Michetti, A.M. (2019). Landslides Triggered by the 2016 Mw 7.8 Pedernales, Ecuador Earthquake: Correlations with ESI-07 Intensity, Lithology, Slope and PGA-h. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9090371"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-019-03718-w","article-title":"Landslides triggered by multiple earthquakes: Insights from the 2018 Lombok (Indonesia) events","volume":"98","author":"Ferrario","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-7-703-2007","article-title":"GIS-based debris flow source and runout susceptibility assessment from DEM data? A case study in NW Nicaragua","volume":"7","author":"Guinau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0381-4","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility zonation in Greece","volume":"65","author":"Sabatakakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Herv\u00e1s, J. (2007). Main issues on landslide mapping harmonization in EU member states in the framework of European Commission soil policy. Guidelines for Mapping Areas at Risk of Landslides in Europe, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. EUR 23093 EN."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2005.11.007","article-title":"A multi-method approach to study the stability of natural slopes and landslide susceptibility mapping","volume":"82","author":"Fall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.545","article-title":"Geomorphological and historical data in assessing landslide hazard","volume":"28","author":"Carrara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sassa, K., and Canuti, P. (2009). Mapping: Inventories, susceptibility, hazard and risk. Landslides\u2014Disaster Risk Reduction, Springer Science and Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69970-5"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2005.08.004","article-title":"Landslides in Sado Island of Japan: Part II. GIS-based susceptibility mapping with comparisons of results from two methods and verifications","volume":"81","author":"Ayalew","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008097111310","article-title":"Use of GIS technology in the prediction and monitoring of landslide hazard","volume":"20","author":"Carrara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"United Nations\u2014SPIDER Knowledge Portal (2020, July 07). Disaster Risk Management. Available online: http:\/\/www.un-spider.org\/risks-and-disasters\/disaster-risk-management."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.11.003","article-title":"Application of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for landslide susceptibility mapping: A case study from the Tinau watershed, west Nepal","volume":"52","author":"Kayastha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.12681\/bgsg.16840","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping by GIS-based qualitative weighting procedure in Corinth area","volume":"36","author":"Foumelis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"172","article-title":"Uncertainty in assessing landslide hazard risk","volume":"2","author":"Carrara","year":"1992","journal-title":"ITC J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-009-9349-4","article-title":"Landslide failure and runout susceptibility in the upper T. Ceno valley (Northern Apennines, Italy)","volume":"52","author":"Clerici","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.12681\/bgsg.10993","article-title":"Producing landslide susceptibility maps by applying expert knowledge in a GIS - based environment","volume":"47","author":"Tsangaratos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2014.884022","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility, Peloponnese Peninsula in South Greece","volume":"10","author":"Chalkias","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-016-0769-4","article-title":"Applying Information Theory and GIS-based quantitative methods to produce landslide susceptibility maps in Nancheng County, China","volume":"14","author":"Tsangaratos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s100640050066","article-title":"Landslide hazard assessment: Summary review and new perspectives","volume":"58","author":"Aleotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-3004(01)00104-2","article-title":"Probabilistic modeling of uncertainties in earthquake-induced landslide hazard assessment","volume":"28","author":"Refice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"McGraw-Hill (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Scientific Research Publishing."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L., and Vargas, L.G. (1991). Prediction, Projection and Forecasting, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7952-0"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-011-0160-9","article-title":"Landslide Susceptibility Analysis of Shiv-Khola Watershed, Darjiling: A Remote Sensing & GIS Based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)","volume":"40","author":"Mondal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"14","article-title":"Producing a Landslide Susceptibility Map through the Use of Analytic Hierarchical Process in Finikas watershed, North Peloponnese, Greece","volume":"6","author":"Peloponnese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. GIS"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2007.01.003","article-title":"GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytical hierarchy process and bivariate statistics in Ardesen (Turkey): Comparisons of results and confirmations","volume":"72","author":"Yalcin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4314\/mejs.v11i1.2","article-title":"GIS-based Landslide Susceptibility Evaluation Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach: The Case of Tarmaber District, Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Abay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Momona Ethiop. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1191\/0309133305pp462ra","article-title":"GIS-based landslide hazard assessment: An overview","volume":"29","author":"Huabin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3989\/egeol.08642.036","article-title":"GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping models applied to natural and urban planning in Trikala, Central Greece","volume":"65","author":"Bathrellos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Estud. Geol\u00f3gicos"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erener, A., Sarp, G., and Duzgun, S.H. (2019). Use of GIS and Remote Sensing for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping. Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Engineering and Environmental Science, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-7359-3.ch026"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plank, S., Twele, A., and Martinis, S. (2016). Landslide Mapping in Vegetated Areas Using Change Detection Based on Optical and Polarimetric SAR Data. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040307"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.07.015","article-title":"The effect of DEM resolution on the computation of the factor of safety using an infinite slope model","volume":"224","author":"Fuchs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.10.018","article-title":"Optimizing landslide susceptibility zonation: Effects of DEM spatial resolution and slope unit delineation on logistic regression models","volume":"301","author":"Marchesini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.06.006","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping using geological data, a DEM from ASTER images and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)","volume":"113","author":"Kawabata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efthimiou, N., Psomiadis, E., and Panagos, P. (2020). Fire severity and soil erosion susceptibility mapping using multi-temporal Earth Observation data: The case of Mati fatal wildfire in Eastern Attica, Greece. Catena, 187.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.104320"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Kallergis, G. (1979). A morphological study of an old delta of the Sperchios River. Proceedings of the 6th Colloquium on the Geology of the Aegean Region, Institute of Geological and Mining Research."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"159","article-title":"Earth observation data in seasonal and long term coastline changes monitoring the case of Sperchios river delta (central Greece)","volume":"137","author":"Psomiadis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Z. Geomorphol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Psomiadis, E. (2010). Research of Geomorphological and Environmental Changes in the Sperchios\u2019 River Basin Utilizing New Technologies. [Ph.D. Thesis, Agricultural Univeristy of Athens]. (In Greek)."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100051G","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2241055","article-title":"Flash flood area mapping utilising SENTINEL-1 radar data","volume":"Volume 10005","author":"Psomiadis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing\/GIS Applications VII"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-016-1878-7","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variability of rainfall over Greece","volume":"130","author":"Markonis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Ferri\u00e8re, J. (1977). Recent Developments in the Maliakos Isopic Zone, Eastern Central Greece. Proceedings of the 6th Colloquium Geology of the Aegean Region, Institute of Geological and Mining Research."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"133","article-title":"Neotectonic movements in the Sperkhios River basin, Central Greece","volume":"63","author":"Maroukian","year":"1987","journal-title":"Z. Geomorphol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Psomiadis, E., Parcharidis, I., Stamatis, G., and Foumelis, M. (2005, January 21\u201326). Remotely sensing data and thematic mapping for sustainable developing in Sperchios river basin (Central Greece). Proceedings of the SPIE\u2014The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.627546"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.12681\/bgsg.10959","article-title":"Geomorphological quantitative analysis of Sperchios River Basin area (Central Greece) utilizing geographical information systems","volume":"47","author":"Psomiadis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-008-0184-8","article-title":"Landslide phenomena related to major fault tectonics: Rift zone of Corinth Gulf, Greece","volume":"68","author":"Koukis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-005-0002-3","article-title":"Composite landslides induced by heavy rainfalls in suburban areas: City of Patras and surrounding area, western Greece","volume":"2","author":"Sabatakakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Koukis, G., Tsiambaos, G., and Sabatakakis, N. (1996, January 17\u201321). Landslides in Greece: Research evolution and quantitative analysis. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Landslides, Trondheim, Norway."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Sassa, K., Fukuoka, H., and Wang, F.W.G. (2005). Landslide hazard zonation in Greece. Proceedings of the Open Symposium on Landslide Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management in the First General Assembly of International Consortium on Landslides, Springer."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Koukis, G., Sabatakakis, N., and Tsiambaos, G. (1994, January 5\u20139). Slope movements in the Greek territory: A statistical approach. Proceedings of the 7th International Congress of International Association of Engineering Geology, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Apostolidis, E. (2019). Palaio Mikro Chorio Landslide, U-Geohaz & EOEG Field Trip, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02590170","article-title":"Slope instability phenomena in Greece: A statistical analysis","volume":"43","author":"Koukis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol. Bull. l\u2019Assoc. Int. G\u00e9ol. l\u2019Ing."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Mpliona, M. (2008). Landslide Database Development in Greece, University of Patras."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.12681\/bgsg.16652","article-title":"Landslide phenomena in Kanalia village, Fthiotida Prefecture and handling their impacts in the residential development of the area","volume":"36","author":"Rozos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Institute of Geological and Mineral Exploration (IGME) (1991). Geological Maps of Greece Series, Scale 1:50,000, Sheets: Lamia, Stylis, Sperkhias, Karpenision, Anavra, Domokos, Fourna, Leontarion, Lidorikion, Amfiklia, Amfissa, IGME."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Hellenik Military Geographical Service (HMGS) (1990). Topographic Maps of Greece Series, Scale 1:50,000, Sheets: Lamia, Stylis, Sperkhias, Karpenision, Efxinoupolis, Domokos, Fourna, Leontarion, Lidorikion, Amfiklia, Amfissa, HMGS."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Lee, J.-D., Han, S.-H., Lee, S.-S., and Parkd, J.-S. (2008, January 3\u201311). Correcting DEM extracted from ASTER stereo images by combining cartographic DEM. Proceedings of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Congress, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Directorates of Forests\/Ministry of Agriculture (1981). Soil Maps of Greece Series, Scale 1:50.000, Sheets Lamia, Stylis, Sperkhias, Karpenision, Efxinoupolis, Domokos, Fourna, Leontarion, Lidorikion, Amfiklia, Amfissa."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2020, July 07). Hellenic Statistical Authority\/ELSTAT Population Demographic Data 1981. Available online: https:\/\/www.statistics.gr\/en\/statistics\/-\/publication\/SAM03\/2011."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.02.013","article-title":"Development of a geo-information system embedding a spatially distributed hydrological model for the preliminary assessment of the hydropower potential of historical hydro sites in poorly gauged areas","volume":"92","author":"Soulis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020, July 07). European Environment Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/oxygen-consuming-substances-in-rivers\/r-development-core-team-2006."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636606","DOI":"10.1117\/12.689016","article-title":"Updating the 1:50.000 topographic maps using ASTER and SRTM DEM: The case of Athens, Greece","volume":"Volume 6366","author":"Ehlers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring, GIS Applications, and Geology VI"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Campbell, J.B., and Wynne, R.H. (2011). Introduction to Remote Sensing, Guilford Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Csillik, O., Belgiu, M., Asner, G.P., and Kelly, M. (2019). Object-Based Time-Constrained Dynamic Time Warping Classification of Crops Using Sentinel-2. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11101257"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Psomiadis, E., Soulis, K.X., and Efthimiou, N. (2020). Using SCS-CN and earth observation for the comparative assessment of the hydrological effect of gradual and abrupt spatiotemporal land cover changes. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12051386"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2000)28<311:FCARL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Forest clearing and regional landsliding","volume":"28","author":"Montgomery","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.10.005","article-title":"Sentinel-2 cropland mapping using pixel-based and object-based time-weighted dynamic time warping analysis","volume":"204","author":"Belgiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(02)00079-X","article-title":"A procedure for landslide susceptibility zonation by the conditional analysis method","volume":"48","author":"Clerici","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(01)00093-X","article-title":"Landslide risk assessment and management: An overview","volume":"64","author":"Dai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soulis, K., Kalivas, D., and Apostolopoulos, C. (2018). Delimitation of Agricultural Areas with Natural Constraints in Greece: Assessment of the Dryness Climatic Criterion Using Geostatistics. Agronomy, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy8090161"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2007.01.005","article-title":"Plan curvature and landslide probability in regions dominated by earth flows and earth slides","volume":"91","author":"Ohlmacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livio, F., and Ferrario, M.F. (2020). Assessment of attenuation regressions for earthquake-triggered landslides in the Italian Apennines: Insights from recent and historical events. Landslides, 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01464-w"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.01.012","article-title":"GIS-based landslide susceptibility evaluation using a novel hybrid integration approach of bivariate statistical based random forest method","volume":"164","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(1989). Hydrologic Systems: Watershed Modeling, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(77)90033-5","article-title":"A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures","volume":"15","author":"Saaty","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"RWS Publications (2000). Fundamentals of Decision Making and Priority Theory with the Analytic Hierarchy Process, RWS Publications."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Wiley (1999). GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.07.020","article-title":"Landslide hazard assessment in the Three Gorges area, China, using ASTER imagery: Wushan-Badong","volume":"84","author":"Fourniadis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2003.12.004","article-title":"Landslide hazard assessment in the Three Gorges area of the Yangtze river using ASTER imagery: Zigui-Badong","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pourghasemi, H., Gayen, A., Park, S., Lee, C.-W., and Lee, S. (2018). Assessment of Landslide-Prone Areas and Their Zonation Using Logistic Regression, LogitBoost, and Na\u00efveBayes Machine-Learning Algorithms. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103697"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, V.-T., Tran, T.H., Ha, N.A., Ngo, V.L., Nadhir, A.-A., Tran, V.P., Duy Nguyen, H., MA, M., Amini, A., and Prakash, I. (2019). GIS Based Novel Hybrid Computational Intelligence Models for Mapping Landslide Susceptibility: A Case Study at Da Lat City, Vietnam. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11247118"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Varnes, D.J. (1978). Slope Movement Types and Processes\/Special Report 176: Landslides: Analysis and Control, Transportation Research Board."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"3","article-title":"General Report: Morphological and geotechnical parameters of landslides in relation to geology and hydrogeology","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Bonnard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Landslides"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Canadian Geotechnical Society (1984). Innovative approaches to landslide hazard and risk mapping. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Landslides, Canadian Geotechnical Society."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-005-0023-0","article-title":"Landslide hazard and risk zonation\u2014Why is it still so difficult?","volume":"65","author":"Soeters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.03.022","article-title":"Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land use planning","volume":"102","author":"Fell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Balkema (1988, January 10\u201315). Instability phenomena in weathered flysch in Greece. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Landslides, Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-011-0270-z","article-title":"The Stogovce landslide in SW Slovenia triggered during the September 2010 extreme rainfall event","volume":"8","author":"Fazarinc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Peternel, T., Miko\u0161, M., \u00d0omlija, P., Dugonji\u0107-Jovan\u010devi\u0107, S., and Arbanas, \u017d. (2015, January 14\u201316). Geological conditions of landslides in flysch deposits in Slovenia and Croatia. Proceedings of the 2nd Regional Symposium on Landslides in the Adriatic-Balkan Region Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.07.026","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping using geographically-weighted principal component analysis","volume":"226","author":"Tazik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, V., Pham, B., Vu, B., Prakash, I., Jha, S., Shahabi, H., Shirzadi, A., Ba, D., Kumar, R., and Chatterjee, J. (2019). Hybrid Machine Learning Approaches for Landslide Susceptibility Modeling. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10020157"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-016-0689-3","article-title":"Fatal landslides in Europe","volume":"13","author":"Haque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2113\/gseegeosci.xxiii.1.11","article-title":"Economic Losses and Fatalities Due to Landslides","volume":"xxiii","author":"Schuster","year":"1986","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-2075-1","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping based on landslide history and analytic hierarchy process (AHP)","volume":"81","author":"Myronidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-523","article-title":"Landslide hazard assessment: Recent trends and techniques","volume":"2","author":"Pardeshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-019-1277-4","article-title":"Snehmani Susceptibility assessment of rainfall induced debris flow zones in Ladakh\u2013Nubra region, Indian Himalaya","volume":"129","author":"Negi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7548-6","article-title":"Developing a landslide susceptibility map based on remote sensing, fuzzy logic and expert knowledge of the Island of Lefkada, Greece","volume":"77","author":"Tsangaratos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001618734","article-title":"Probabilistic landslide hazard mapping using GIS and remote sensing data at Boun, Korea","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.70.5.617","article-title":"An integrated approach for landslide susceptibility mapping using remote sensing and GIS","volume":"70","author":"Sarkar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Fernandez-Steeger, T.M., Maessen, T., Grenzd\u00f6rfer, M., Schneiderwind, S., Papanikolaou, I., Deligiannakis, G., Migiros, G., Psomiadis, E., Kairis, O., and Pallikarakis, A. (2016, January 17\u201322). How geology influences the type and magnitude of postfire effects like landslides. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly 2016, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1785\/0120120128","article-title":"Landslides in eastern Honshu induced by the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake","volume":"103","author":"Wartman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization, Greece (2020, July 09). Seismic Risk Map of Greece, Available online: https:\/\/www.oasp.gr\/node\/87."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/9\/552\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:10:15Z","timestamp":1760177415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/9\/552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9090552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9090552","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]}}}