{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T03:41:16Z","timestamp":1774582876604,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 health emergency is impacting all of our lives, but the living conditions and urban morphologies found in poor communities make inhabitants more vulnerable to the COVID-19 outbreak as compared to the formal city, where inhabitants have the resources to follow WHO guidelines. In general, municipal spatial datasets are not well equipped to support spatial responses to health emergencies, particularly in poor communities. In such critical situations, Earth observation (EO) data can play a vital role in timely decision making and can save many people\u2019s lives. This work provides an overview of the potential of EO-based global and local datasets, as well as local data gathering procedures (e.g., drones), in support of COVID-19 responses by referring to two slum areas in Salvador, Brazil as a case study. We discuss the role of datasets as well as data gaps that hinder COVID-19 responses. In Salvador and other low- and middle-income countries\u2019 (LMICs) cities, local data are available; however, they are not up to date. For example, depending on the source, the population of the study areas in 2020 varies by more than 20%. Thus, EO data integration can help in updating local datasets and in the acquisition of physical parameters of poor urban communities, which are often not systematically collected in local surveys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9090557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T21:20:28Z","timestamp":1600636828000},"page":"557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Spatial Dimension of COVID-19: The Potential of Earth Observation Data in Support of Slum Communities with Evidence from Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3987-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia Lustosa","family":"Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Politechnic School of Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), R. Aristides Novis, n.2, Salvador, Bahia 40210-630, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1915-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Kuffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7612-5270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mila","family":"Koeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9762-102X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio Cesar","family":"Pedrassoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politechnic School of Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), R. Aristides Novis, n.2, Salvador, Bahia 40210-630, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collective Health of Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), R. Bas\u00edlio da Gama, Salvador, Bahia 40110-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anderson Dias de","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politechnic School of Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), R. Aristides Novis, n.2, Salvador, Bahia 40210-630, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ghebreyesus, T.A. (2020, July 20). WHO Director-General\u2019s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Holden, M. (2020, July 13). COVID-19 Death Rate in Deprived Areas in England Double That of Better off Places: ONS. 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