{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:34:49Z","timestamp":1782491689858,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFB0502102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0502102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation 444 System and Equipment Technology","award":["CEPNT-2018KF-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEPNT-2018KF-0"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Research Fund of Shandong Jianzhu  University","award":["XNBS1985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNBS1985"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Surveying and Mapping Science and Geospatial Information Technology of Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2020-3-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-3-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>WiFi-based indoor positioning methods have attracted extensive attention due to the wide installation of WiFi access points (APs). Recently, the WiFi standard was modified and introduced into a new two-way approach based on round trip time (RTT) measurement, which brings some changes for indoor positioning based on WiFi. In this work, we propose a WiFi RTT positioning method based on line of sight (LOS) identification and range calibration. Given the complexity of the indoor environment, we design a non-line of sight (NLOS) and LOS identification algorithm based on scenario recognition. The positioning scenario is recognized to assist NLOS and LOS distances identification, and gaussian process regression (GPR) is utilized to construct the scenario recognition model. Meanwhile, the calibration model for LOS distance is presented to correct the measuring distance and the scenario information is utilized to constrain the estimated position. When there is a positioning request, the positioning scenario is identified with the scenario recognition model, and LOS measuring distance is obtained based on the recognized scenario. The LOS range measurements are first calibrated and then utilized to estimate the position of the smartphone. Finally, the positioning scenario is used to constrain the estimation location to avoid it beyond the scenario. The experimental results show that the positioning effect of the proposed method is far better than that of the Least Squares (LS) algorithm, achieving a mean error (ME) of 0.862 m and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.989 m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9110627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1603679694000},"page":"627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Indoor Positioning Method Using WiFi RTT Based on LOS Identification and Range Calibration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9743-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongji","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, MNR, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2964-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingxue","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenglei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, MNR, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghao","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, MNR, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-014-0157-3","article-title":"Seamless switching between GNSS and WLAN based indoor positioning system for ubiquitous positioning","volume":"8","author":"Mehmood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Sci. 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