{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:52:30Z","timestamp":1777499550962,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008284","name":"University of New Hampshire","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA15NOS4000200 - Subaward No: 19 \u2013 020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA15NOS4000200 - Subaward No: 19 \u2013 020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008284","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an integrated digital methodology for the generalization of soundings. The input for the sounding generalization procedure is a high resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and the output is a sounding data set appropriate for portrayal on harbour and approach Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs). The sounding generalization procedure follows the \u201cladder approach\u201d that is a requisite for the portrayal of soundings on nautical charts, i.e., any sounding portrayed on a smaller scale chart should also be depicted on larger scale charts. A rhomboidal fishnet is used as a supportive reference structure based on the cartographic guidance for soundings to display a rhombus pattern on nautical charts. The rhomboidal fishnet cell size is defined by the depth range and the compilation scale of the charted area. Generalization is based on a number of rules and constraints extracted from International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards, hydrographic offices\u2019 best practices and the cartographic literature. The sounding generalization procedure can be implemented using basic geoprocessing functions available in the most commonly used Geographic Information System (GIS) environments. A case study was performed in the New York Lower Bay area based on a high resolution National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) DTM. The method successfully produced generalized soundings for a number of Harbour and Approach nautical charts at 10 K, 20 K, 40 K and 80 K scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9110693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T09:46:18Z","timestamp":1605865578000},"page":"693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Generalization of Soundings across Scales: From DTM to Harbour and Approach Nautical Charts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6855-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andriani","family":"Skopeliti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cartography Laboratory, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leda","family":"Stamou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cartography Laboratory, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6838-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lysandros","family":"Tsoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cartography Laboratory, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shachak","family":"Pe\u2019eri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ocean Service, NOAA Office of Coast Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) S-57 Publication (2000). IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data, International Hydrographic Organization. [3.1 ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) S-66 Publication (2018). Facts about Electronic Charts and Carriage Requirement, International Hydrographic Organization. [1.1.0 ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) (2020, October 15). National Charting Plan. A Strategy to Transform Nautical Charting, Available online: https:\/\/nauticalcharts.noaa.gov\/publications\/docs\/draft-national-charting-plan.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"477","article-title":"A multi-agent system approach for feature-driven generalization of isobathymetric line","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Cartography and GIScience"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"57","article-title":"Automated Cartographic Sounding Selection","volume":"59","author":"Zoraster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Hydrogr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1179\/1743277413Y.0000000050","article-title":"An ontology of the submarine relief for analysis and representation on nautical charts","volume":"52","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) (2018). Nautical Chart Manual, Version 2018.2."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Owens, E., and Brennan, R. (2012, January 15\u201317). Methods to influence precise automated sounding selection via sounding attribution and depth areas. Proceedings of the CHC The Arctic, Old Challenges New Approaches, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"103","article-title":"Automated Sounding Selection","volume":"52","author":"Oraas","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. Hydrogr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Tsoulos, L., and Stefanakis, K. (1997, January 23\u201327). Sounding Selection for Nautical Charts: An Expert System Approach. Proceedings of the 18th International Cartographic Conference, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Du, J., Lu, Y., and Zhai, J. (2001, January 6\u201310). A Model of Sounding Generalization Based on Recognition of Terrain Features. Proceedings of the 20th International Cartographic Conference, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Solari\u0107, R. (2005, January 9\u201316). Depth Selection in Nautical Charts Production. Proceedings of the 22nd International Cartographic Conference, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/01490410590953695","article-title":"A System for Fast Cartographic Sounding Selection","volume":"28","author":"Sui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2017.1393476","article-title":"Automatic Sounding Generalization in Nautical Chart considering Bathymetry Complexity Variations","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kastrisios, C., Calder, B., Masetti, G., and Holmberg, P. (2019). Towards automated validation of charted soundings: Existing tests and limitations. Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci.","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2019.1618636"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"70","article-title":"The Development of a New Methodology for Automated Sounding Selection on Nautical Charts","volume":"66","year":"2019","journal-title":"NA\u0160E MORE Znanstveni \u010dasopis za more i pomorstvo"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/00087041.2016.1195031","article-title":"Quality assessment of an automatic sounding selection process for navigational charts","volume":"54","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Pe\u2019eri, S., and Dyer, \u039d. (2020, October 15). Automated Depth Area Generation for Updating NOAA Nautical Charts. Available online: https:\/\/rb.gy\/wjfo44."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) (2017). Regulations of the IHO for International (INT) Charts and Chart Specifications of the IHO\u2014Publication S-4 Edition 4.7.0, International Hydrographic Organization."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"NOAA Chart 12327 (2020). New York Harbor (1:40,000)."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Rice, G., Wyllie, K., Brennan, R., Koprowski, C., Wolfskehl, S., and Burnett, Z. (2020, January 24\u201327). The National Bathymetric Source. Proceedings of the Canadian Hydrographic Conference 2020, Quebec City, QC, Canada. Available online: https:\/\/hydrography.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/The-National-Bathymetric-Source.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) (2017). Water Level Information for Surface Navigation\u2014Publication S-104 Edition 0.0.3, International Hydrographic Organization."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) (2018). Surface Currents Product Specification\u2014Publication S-111 Edition 1.0.0, International Hydrographic Organization."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Dyer, N., and Pe\u2019eri, S. Personal Communication."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skoumas, G., Pfoser, D., and Kyrillidi, A. (2013, January 5\u20138). On Quantifying Qualitative Geospatial Data: A Probabilistic Approach. Proceedings of the SIGSPATIAL\u201913: 21st SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems 2013, Orlando, FL, USA. Available online: https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2534732.2534742.","DOI":"10.1145\/2534732.2534742"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/11\/693\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:46Z","timestamp":1760178886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/11\/693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9110693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9110693","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]}}}