{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:25:08Z","timestamp":1760239508176,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971193","41871236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971193","41871236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20200403174SF","20180622006JC","20180101020JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200403174SF","20180622006JC","20180101020JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Descriptions of the spatial locations of disappeared objects are often recorded in eyewitness records, travel notes, and historical documents. However, in geographic information system (GIS), the observer-centered and vague nature of the descriptions causes difficulties in representing the spatial characters of these objects. To address this problem, this paper proposes a Fuzzy Spatial Region Extraction Model for Object\u2019s Vague Location Description from Observer Perspective (FSREM-OP). In this model, the spatial relationship between the observer and the object are represented in spatial knowledge. It is composed of \u201cphrase\u201d and \u201cregion\u201d. Based on the spatial knowledge, three components of spatial inference are constructed: Spatial Entities (SEs), Fuzzy Spatial Regions (FSRs), and Spatial Actions (SAs). Through spatial knowledge and the components of FSREM-OP, an object\u2019s location can be inferred from an observer\u2019s describing text, transforming the vagueness and subjectivity of location description into fuzzy spatial regions in the GIS. The FSREM-OP was tested by constructing a group of observers, object position relationships and vague descriptions. The results show that it is capable of extracting the spatial information and presenting location descriptions in the GIS, despite the vagueness and subjective spatial relation expressions in the descriptions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9120703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T20:48:12Z","timestamp":1606337292000},"page":"703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Fuzzy Spatial Region Extraction Model for Object\u2019s Vague Location Description from Observer Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Changbai Historical Culture and VR Reconstruction Technology, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Changbai Historical Culture and VR Reconstruction Technology, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Technology and Engineering, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2015.1018773","article-title":"Social sensing: A new approach to understanding our socioeconomic environments","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. 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